Fundamentals of the nervous system and nervous tissue
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| What are the three basic functions of the nervous system? | Sensory Input, Integration, and Motor Output
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| Sensory Input | Gathered information from the nervous systems millions of sensory receptors that monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body
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| Integration | A process of the nervous system that interprets sensory input and decides what should be done at each moment
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| Motor Output | a response caused by nervous system, caused by activationg effector organs (muscles and glands)
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) | -consists of the brain and spinal cord that occupies the dorsal cavity -is the integrating and command center of the nervous system -interprets sensory input and dictates motor responses based on reflexes, current conditions, and past experiences
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| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | -consists mainly of the nerves (budles of axons) that extend from the brain and spinal cord -spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord, and cranial nerves carry impulses to and from the brain 2 subdivisions: Sensory and Motor
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| Sensory, or afferent division | PNS subdivison: -consists of nerve fibers (axons) that convey impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors located throughout the body -Somatic (limbs and skin) and Visceral (ventral body cavity) sensory nerve fibers -keeps CNS constantly informed
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| Motor, or efferent, divison | PNS subdivision: - transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs -impulses activate muscles to contract and glands to secrete - 2 parts: Somatic and Autonomic Nervouse Systems
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| Somatic Nervous System | Somatic Motor(Voluntary) -composed of somatic motor nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
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| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) | Visceral motor(Involuntary) -consists of visceral motor nerve fibers that regulate the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands -2 subdivisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic
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| ANS subdivisions | They work in opposition to eachother, when one stimulates, the other inhibits sympathetic divison: mobilizes body system during activities parasympathetic division: conserves energy and promotes housekeeping functions during rest
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| Neuroglia | neurons that associate closely with much smaller cells 6 types, 4 in the CNS and 2 in the PNS
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| Astrocytes | Neuroglia
CNS
Function: Make exchanges between capillaries and neurons, control chemical environment around neurons to "mop" up leaked K+ ions and recapturing released neurotransmitters, connected by gap junctions and signal e/o by taking in K+
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| Microglia | Neuroglia
CNS
monitors nearby neurons health and sense when they are injured and migrate towards them, defensive cells
-important bc cells of the immune system are denied access to the CNS
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| Ependymal | Neuroglia
CNS
-form a permeable barrier between cerebrospinal fluid that fills those cavities and the tissue fluid bathing the cells in CNS
-beating of their cilia helps circulate the CSF that cushions the brain and spinal cord
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| Oligodendrocytes | Neuroglia
CNS
-line up along thicker neuron fibers in CNS
-wrap their processes tightly around the fibers, producing insulationg covers called myelin sheaths
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| satellite cells | Neuroglia
PNS,surround neuron cell bodies,exchanges between capillaries and neurons, control chemical environment around neurons to "mop" up leaked K+ ions and recapturing released neurotransmitters, connected by gap junctions and signal e/o
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| Schwann Cells | PNS
surround and form myelin sheaths, vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral fibers, functions are similar to oligodendrocytes
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| Multipolar neurons | -3 or more processes- one axon and the rest dendrites
-most abundant in body, major neuron type in CNS
-receptive region (recieves stimulus) Plasma membrane exhibits chemically gated ion channels
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| Bipolar neurons | 2 processes-axon & dendrite- that extend from opp. sides of the cell body
1 is a fused dendrite,other is an axon
Rare-found in some special sensory organs
Conducting region (generates/transmits AP).
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| Unipolar neurons | one single short process extends from the cell body and divides T-like into proximal and distal branches and forms central and peripheral processes -found in PNS, in dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord- secretory region
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| nerve fiber | bundles of intermediate filaments
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| neuron | structural units of the nervous system that transmit electrical signals
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| nerve | bundle of nerve fibers in the PNS
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| tract | bundle of nerve fibers in CNS
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| Nucleus | collection of cell bodies in the CNS
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| Ganglion | collection of cell bodies in the PNS
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| Depolarization | a reduction in membrane potential: the inside of the membrane becomes less negative than the resting potential
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| hyperpolarization | occurs when the membrain potential increases, becoming more megative than the resting potential
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| generator potentials | resulting graded potential when the receptor of a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy
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| Postsynaptic potentials | resulting graded potential, when the stimulus is a neurotransmitter released by another neuron. it is called this bc the neurotransmitter is released into a fluid-filled gap called a synapse and influences the neuron post the synapse
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| Summation | Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential can add together, or summate, to influence the activity of postsynaptic neuron
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| temporal summation | 2 excitatory stimuli close in time cause EPSPs that add together
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| spatial summation | 2 simultaneous stimuli at different locations cause EPSPs that add together
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| neurotransmitter | language of the nervous system, each neuron communicates with others to process and send messages to the rest of the body
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TWilcom139
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