Endocrine System
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| special chacteristics of endocrine glands | -secretion of hormones -ductless glands -well vascularized -taget tissues -general effect: slow but long lasting (oppisite of CNS and PNS)
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| How does the endocrine system control hormone secretion? | negative feedback
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| What organ is part of the neural control of the endocrine system? | hypothalmus
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| How does the hypothalmus participate in the endocrine system? | secretes substances called releasing factors:stimulates glands to release their specfic hormones
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| How does the pituitary gland participate? | (hypophysis) "master gland"- regulates many body activities through t's action on other endocrine glands
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| Where is the pituitary gland located? | -inferior surface of the brain -attached to hypothalmus -surrounded by circle of willis
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| what is the general structue of the pituitary gland? | two distinct lobes: -adenohypophysis -neurohypophysis
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| Adenohypophysis | anterior lobe of pituitary gland -glandular portion -produces an secretes 6 major hormones
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| Neurohypophysis | posterior portion of pituitary gland -nervous portion (nerves from hypothalmus come down into it) -stores and releases (does not produce!) 2 hormones prouced by hypothalmus
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| Growth Hormone (GH) | -produced by anterior pituitary -increases protien synthesis and mitosis -regulates growth of most cells in body
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| Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) | -produced by the anterior pituitary -stimulates the thyroid -regulates the hormonal activity of the thyroid gland
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| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) | (adrenal gland-cortex-stimulate) -produces by the anterior pituitary -controls secretions of hormones by the adrenal gland
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| Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | -produced by the anterior pituitary -stimulates follicle (ova) development in the ovary and sperm in testes (critcal for development of egg and sperm) -stimulates secretion of sex hormones
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| Luteinizing Hormone (LH) | -produced by the anterior pituitary -plays role in ovulation (peaks when egg leaves ovary) -stimulates secretion of sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)
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| Prolactin | -produced by the anterior pituitary -increases dramaticaally after giving birth -plays a role in secretion of milk from mamory glands (lactation)
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| Oxytocin | -stored/released by th posterior pituitary -increased during birth and brestfeeding) -stimulates uterine contracts -promotes milk ejection of brest
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| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | -stored/released by the posterior pituitary -affects permeability of the kidneys to reduce excretion of water (controls amount of water lost) -vassopressin; controls blood pressure, constricts blood vessels -inhibited by alcohol ->leads to dehydation
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| Where is the thyroid gland located? | -anterior of neck -inferior to larynx -surrounds anterior and lateral aspect of trachea
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| Structure of thyroid gland | Gross: two lobes conncted by an isthmus (may also have a pyramidal lobe:superior extension) Microscopic: -cubodial cells -> hormone production -follicles -> store hormones
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| Thyroxine (T4) | -produced in thyroid gland -found in most cells of the body -regulates basal metabolic rate (BMR) of almost all cells
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| Triiodothyromine (T3) | -produced in thyroid gland -found in most cells of the body -regulates basal metabolic rate (BMR) of almost all cells
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| Calcitonin | -produced in thyroid gland -site of action: bone -regulates osteoclast (slows down) activity and therefore the amount of calcium that leaves bones -> lowers blood calcium level
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| Location of parathyroid gland | embedded on the posterior side of the thyroid glands
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| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) | *oppisite of calcitonin -produced by parathyroid -site of action: osteoclast in bone, kidneys, intestine -effect: increases blood calcium levels (osteoclasts break down more bone and intestines absorb more calcium)
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| Where are the adrenal glands located? | paired glands located on the superior pole of each kidney (also called suprarenal)
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| What are the two parts of the adrenal gland? | -medulla (inner) -cortex (outer)
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| Medulla of adrenal gland | -inner portion -activated by stress -prepares body for fight or flight response -works in conjuction with sympathic ANS
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| Epinephrine | (catecholamines) -site of action: many organs and tissues -effect:reinforces and prolongs sympathetic ANS response
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| cortex of adrenal glands | -outer portion -produces cortico-hormones -responds to ACTH (NOT made here -> produced in pituitary)
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| Aldosterone | (a mineral corticoid) -site of action: kidney tubules -effect:regulates Na and K levels (most important is sodium)
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| Cortisol/Hydrocortisone | (a glucocorticoid) -site of action: various tissues -effect: regulates metabolism (glucose), prevent or reduce inflamation (also reduces immune response and stimulates weight gain)
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| Androgens | -estrogen/progesterone -site of action: various tissues (see reproduction lecture) -effects: supplement gonadal hormones, promote development of secondary sex characteristics
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| location of pancreas | -in upper abdomin, postior-inferior to the stomach -both enodcrine and exocrine!
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| Structure of exocrine part of pancreas | -consists of cells and ducts -production and secretion of digestive enzymes into the duodenum of the small intestine
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| Structure of endocrine part of pancreas | Beta cells an Alpha cells
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| Beta Cells | -in endocrine porton of pancreas -produce insulin -sie of action: all body cells -effect: regulates transport of glucose into cells
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| Alpha Cells | -part of endocrine protion of pancreas -produce glucagon -site of action: liver -effect: promotes conversion of glycogen into glucose
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| location of pineal gland | suspended from roof of 3rd ventricle of brain
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| melatonin | -produced by pineal gland -recieves and responds to imput from the visual pathway. highest level at night: may affect sleep/wake cycle (circedin rhythm) -inhibits hypothalmus stimulation of hormones which stimulate glands -delays sexual maturation
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