Anatomy Vocab Ch 12 Marieb
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| lymphatic system | two semi-independent parts: lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues and organs; low pressure system; vessels contract rhythmically, pumping the lymph along
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| lymphatic vessels (lymphatics) | an elaborate drainage system that transports fluids back to the blood vascular systems; flows only toward the heart; thin walled
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| lymphatic tissues and organs | house phagocytic cells and lymphocytes, playing essential role in body defense and resistance to disease
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| edema | fluid that is not transfered back to blood vascular system, impairs the ability of tissue cells to exchanged interstitial fluid with blood
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| lymph | excess tissue fluid
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| lymph capillaries | weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries in connective tissues, absorbing leaked fluid, have minivalves; larger particles are allowed to enter
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| lymph nodes | the detour that lymph takes where it is cleansed of debris, examined by cells of the immune system; help protect the body by removing foreign material like bacteria and tumor cells, produce lymphocytes; kidney shaped, less than 1 inch
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| lymphatic collecting vessels | the system of capillaries, successively larger until reaching the venous sytem
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| right lymphatic duct | drains lymph from the right arm and right side of the head and thorax
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| thoracic duct | receives lymph from the rest of the body
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| subclavian veins | lymph drains into this vein, one on each side of the body
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| macrophages | engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses and other foreign substances; found in the lymph nodes; "big eaters"
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| lymphocytes | white blood cells, found in the lymph nodes, respond to foreign substances in lymphatic stream
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| lymphoid organs | tonsils, thymus, spleen, peyer's patches; reticular connective tissue; only the lymph node filters lymph
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| capsule | each node is surrounded by a fibrous capsule
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| trabeculae | strands from the fibrous capsule of the lymph node
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| cortex | outer part of the lymph node, contains collections of lymphocyes called follicles
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| follicles | the collection of lymphocytes found in the lymph node cortex
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| germinal center | the center of the lymph node; shows an increase in activity when antibody production is high
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| plasma cells | daughter cells of the lymphocytes, releasing antibodies
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| medulla | in the lymph node where phagocytic macrophages are located
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| afferent lymphatic vessels | lymph enters the convex side of a lymph node through these
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| sinuses | lymph flows thru these in the lymph node
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| hilum | lymph exits this indented region of the lymph node
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| efferent lymphatic vessels | lymph drains from the lymph node thru these; connect to the lymph node at the hilum
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| spleen | soft blood-rich organ; filters and cleanses blood of bacteria, viruses and other debris; lymphocyte proliferation; destroys worn-out red blood cells, returning some of breakdown products to liver; restores platelets, blood reservoir; AKA RBC graveyard
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| thymus gland | functions at peak levels only during youth, low in throat overlying the heart; produces thymosin, functions in programing of lymphocytes; protective role
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| tonsils | lymphoid tissue ringing the pharynx; traps and removes any bacteria or foreign pathogens; can become congested with bacteria, becoming tontillitis
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| peyer's patches | found in the wall of the sm intestine; capture and destroy bacteria; sentinel of the digestive tracts
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| mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) | peyer's patches and tonsils, acting as sentinel to protect upper respiratory and digestive tracts
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| immune system | innate and adaptive defense systems
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| innate defense system (non-specific) | responds immediately to protect the body from all foreign substances; mechanical barriers that cover body surfaces, the initial battlefront to protect the body
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| adaptive defense system (specific) | mounts the attack against particular foreign substances; two armed system, humoral arm and cellular arm
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| immunity | specific resistance to disease
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| pathogens | harmful or disease causing microorganisms
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| first line of defense | skin and mucous membranes
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| lysozyme | enzyme that destroys bacteria
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| acidic PH | inhibits bacterial growth, containing chemicals that are toxic to bacteria
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| mucosa | hydorchloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes kill pathogens; sticky mucus traps microorganisms that enter digestive and respiratory passages
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| second line of defense | cells and chemicals, relying on phagocytes and natural killer cells; fever also
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| phagocytes | macrophage or neutrophil engulf a foreign particle; flowing cytoplasmic extensions bind to the particle and pull it inside, closing it in vacuole, fused with lysosome and contents are broken down or digested
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| natural killer cells | police the body in blood and lymph, lymphocytes that can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells; act spontaneously against any target by recognizing certain sugars on the intruder's surface; not phagocytic, release perforins
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| perforin | a lytic chemical that attacks a cell membrane causing the nucleus to disintegrate
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| inflammatory response | redness, heat, swelling, pain
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| histamine and kinins | inflammatory chemicals that cause blood vessels to dilate and capillaries become leaky, activate pain receptors and attract phagocytes/white blood cells to the area
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| chemotaxis | oriented movement toward or away from a chemical stimulus, chemicals in this case being histamine and kinins
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| diapedesis | the passage of blood cells thru intact vessel walls into the tissues
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| pus | mixture of dead or dying neutrophils, broken-down tissue cells, living and dead pathogens
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| antimicrobial proteins | attack microorganisms directly or hinder their ability to reproduce; complement proteins and interferon
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| complement proteins | 20 proteins circulating in the blood, inactive until they fix to foreign cells, become activiated and fight foreign cells
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| interferon | proteins that diffuse to nearby cells and bind to their membrane receptors, stimulating the synthesis of proteins that interere with virus ability to multiply
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| membrane attack complexes (MAC) | produce lesions, complete with holes, in the foreign cell surface, allowing water into the cell, causing it to burst
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| complement fixation | complement proteins bind to certain sugars or proteins (as in antibodies) on foreign cell surface; vasodilators, chemotaxis chemicals, opsonization
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| pyrogens | chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign cells or substances in the body
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| opsonization | cell membrane becomes sticky so they are easier to phagocytize
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| immune response | nonspecific defenses providing protection that is carefully targeted against specific antigens
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| third line of defense | immune response; indentfying and destroying or inactivating foreign molecules
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| immunology | study of immunity
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| antigen specific | recognizes and acts against particular pathogens or foreign substances
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| systemic | immunity is not restricted to initial infection site
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| memory or memory cells | immune response is remembered and mounts even stronger attacks on previously encountered pathogens
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| Humoral immunity (antibody-mediated immunity) | provided by antibodies present in the bodys fluids
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| cellular immunity (cell-mediated immunity) | protective factor is living cells, lymphocytes defend the body directly by lysing the cells or indirectly by releasing chemicals that increase inflammatory response
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| antigen | any substance capable of mobilising our immune system and provoking an immune respone
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| nonself | foreign
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| self-antigens | our personal variety of protein molecules; strongly antigenic to other people
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| hapten (incomplete antigen) | the molecule that causes allergies; an attack on our body that is harmful rather than productive
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| B lymphocytes (B cells) | produce antibodies overseeing humoral immunity; form in the bone marrow
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| T lymphocytes (T cells) | non-antibody producing lymphocytes that constitute the cell-mediated arm of adaptive defense system; arise from lymphocytes and migrate to the thymus
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| gene determined | determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist
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| cytokines | proteins important in the immune response, secreted by macrophages
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| primary humoral response | clone formation of the antigen
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| clone | identical cells descended from the same ancestor cell
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| clonal selection | lymphocyte begins to grow and multiplies rapidly to form an army of cells all like itself, bearing same antigen-specific receptors
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| secondary humoral response | more effective and quick, due to memory of primary immune response
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| active immunity | B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them
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| vaccines | artificially aquired immunity
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| attenuated | pathogens in vaccines that are living but extremely weakend
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| passive immunity | B cells are not challenged by the immune response, memory does not occur and temporary protection ends when response degrades
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| monoclonal antibodies | used for diagnosing pregnancy, hepatitis, rabies; antibodies prepared commercialy for research and clinical testing
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| antibodies | immunoglobulins (IG's); the gamma globulin part of blood proteins
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| antibody structure | 4 amino acids chains linked by disulfide bonds, 2 heavy chains, 2 light chains, half as long as heavy chains
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| variable region (V) | the narrower end of the chain forming the antibody
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| constant region (C) | the larger end of the chain forming the antibody
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| antigen binding site | the variable regions of the heavy and light chains in the antibody combine to form this site, shaped to fit its specific antigen
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| antibody classes | IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE
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| antibody function | complement fixation, neutralization, agglutination, precipitation
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| neutralization | when antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins, blocking harmful effects of the exotoxin or virus
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| agglutination | clumping of the foreign cells (as in blood transfusions of incorrect blood type)
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| precipitation | immobilized antigen molecules
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| antigen presentation | the process of the "T cell" recognizing self and activating correct response
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| cytotoxic (killer) T cells | specialize in killing virus infected, cancer or foreign graft cells; release perforins and granzymes
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| helper T cells | act as directors or managers of the immune system
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| regulatory T cells | suppressor T cells; release chemicals that suppress activity of both T and B cells, vital for winding down and stopping immune response
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| autografts | tissue grafts transplanted from one site to another in the same person
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| isografts | tissue grafts donated by genetically identical person
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| allografts | tissue grafts taken from a person other than identical twin
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| xenografts | tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species
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| immunosuppressive therapy | medications to prevent organ or tissue rejection
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| autoimmune diseases | MS, myasthenia gravis, Graves' disease, Type 1 diabetes, SLE, glomerulonephritis, RA
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| allergies (hypersensitivities) | abnormaly vigorous immune responses in which immune system causes tissue damage as it fights off threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body
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| immediate hypersensitivity (acute) | flood of histamine bind to mast cells, blood vessels become dilated and leaky, largely to blame for symptoms of allergy
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| anaphylactic shock | occurs when the allergen directly enters the blood and circulates rapidly thru the body
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| delayed hypersensitivities | cytokines released by activated T cells, antihistamines are not helpful; such as contact dermatitis
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| allergic contact dermatitis | the reaction to allergens that are touched; the reaction of the TB antigen
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| immunodeficiencies | congenital and acquired conditions in which the production or function of immune cells or complement is abnormal
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| severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) | deficit of both B and T cells, no protection against pathogens of any type (bubble boy)
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| acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) | most devastating of the acquired immunodeficiences, cripples the immune system by interefering with the activity of helper T cells
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| complete antigens | provoke an immune response and bind with products of that response (antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes)
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| granzymes | protein digesting enzymes
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| IgD | important in activation of B cell; always attached to B cell
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| IgM | attached to B cell; free in plasma; serves as antigen receptor, released during primary respnse; agglutinating agent, fixes complement
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| IgG | most abundant antibody in plasma; main antibody in both primary and secondary rsponse, crosses placenta
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| IgA | monomer in plasma, dimer in secretions such as saliva, tears, intestinal juice, milk; bathes and protects mucosal surfaces from pathogens
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| IgE | secreted by plasma cells in skin, mucosa of gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, tonsils; binds to mast cells and basophils, tirggers release of histamine
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