Spinal Cord_Chp 13
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| Spinal Cord | Connects peripheral nerves and brain ; Superhighway of never tracts conducts sensory nerve impulses to brain and motor nerve impulses from brain to effectors;protected by vertebral column and meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and vertebral ligaments
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| Meninges | Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, pia mater
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| Vertebra/vertebral canal | most superficial; epidural space below
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| Dura Mater | Tube of dense irrecgular connective tissue forming a tough outer coverings; anchored to spinal cord at intervals by "denticulate ligaments"; keeps spinal cord in position during lateral movements
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| Arachnoid Mater | Middle "spider-web" layer, of thin collagen and elastic fibers; separated from dura mater by "Subdural Space"; contains interstitial fluid
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| Pia Mater | Innermost layer; adheres directly to spinal cord & brain; Many blood vessesl that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord; separated from arachnoid mater by subarachnoid space; contains cerebrospinal fluid (site of spinal tap from L3-L5)
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| Spaces | Epidural, Subdural, Subarachnoid
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| Epidural space | lies b/w the wall of the vertebral canal and the dura mater; contains fat and connective tissue to protect the spinal cord
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| Spinal Tap | Removal of cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space b/w L3 and L5
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| Superior End (cervical spinal cord) | Cervical enlargement (C4-T1); nerves serve upper limbs
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| Superior End (lumbar spinal cord) | Lumbar enlargement (T9-T12); nerves serve lower limbs
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| Inferior End (spinal cord) | Conus medullaris, Filum terminale, Cauda equina
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| Conus medullaris | Cone-shaped end of spinal cord inferior to lumbar enlargement
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| Filum terminale | Threadlike extension of pia mater arising from end of conus medullaris; Anchors spinal cord to coccyx, stabilizing cord
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| Cauda equina | "horse's tail"; roots of lowest spinal nerves
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| Internal Anatomy of spinal cord | divided into right and left sides by anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus
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| Gray matter | shaped like letter H; contains neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons and dendrites; intergrates/summates excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
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| Gray commissure | contains central canal which extends length of spina cord; continus with 4th ventricle of brain
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| White commissure | connects white matter in right and left sides of cord
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| White matter | Consists of myelinated and unmyelinated axons of sensory, motor, and inter-neurons that make up nerve tracts; nerve tracts are bundled into columns
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| Ascending (SENSORY)tracts | conduct nerve implulses toward brain
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| Descending (MOTOR)tracts | conduct nerve impulses down toward effectors
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| Spinothalamic tract | begins in the spinal ford and ends in the thalamus of the brain
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| Corticospinal tract | begins in the motor cortex of the brain and carries motor impulses downward to the spinal cord spinal nerves
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| Spinal Nerve | 31 pairs, exits spinal cord via the intervertebral foramina; connected to the spinal cord via a dorsal/posterior and ventral/anterior root
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| Posterior/dorsal root | sensory axons; has a ganglion composed of cell bodies of sensory neurons
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| Ganglion | a cluster of neuron cell bodies outside the spinal cord in the peripheral nervous system
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| Anterior/ventral root | motor axons; no ganglion
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| Cervical Nerves | 8 pairs (C1-C8)
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| Thoracic Nerves | 12 pairs (T1-T12)
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| Lumbar Nerves | 5 pairs (L1-L5)
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| Sacral Nerves | 5 pairs (S1-S5)
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| Coccygeal Nerve | 1 pair
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| Nerve Plexus | divided spinal nerves into branches or ramus; cervical, brachial, lumbar, sarcal, coccygeal
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| Cervical plexus (C1-C5) | supplies skin and muscles of head, neck, superior portion of shoulders and chest, and diaphragm; Phernic nerve; damage to cord above C3 causes respiratory arrest
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| Phrenic Nerve (C3-C5) | innervates diaphragms ; part of cervical plexus
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| Brachial plexes | Supplies shoulder & upper limb ; injuries affect the sensations and movements of the upper limbs
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| Axillary nerve | deltoid & teres major ; part of brachical plexus
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| Musculocutaneous nerve | forearm flexors; part of brachical plexus
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| Radial nerve | shoulder and forearm extensors; part of brachical plexus
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| Median & ulnar nerve | flexors of wrist & hand; part of brachical plexus
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| Lumbar plexus | supplies abdominal wall, external genitals & anterior/medial thigh; injury to femoral nerve causes inability to extend leg & loss of sensation in thigh; injury to obturator nerve causes paralysis of thigh adductors
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| Sacral plexus | supplies buttocks, perineum & part of lower limb; sciatic nerve
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| Sciatic nerve (L4 to S3) | supplies posterior thigh and everything below kness; cosists of common fibular and tibial nerve; part of sacral plexus
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| Branches of sciatic nerve | at the knee nerve splits into the tibial nerve and behind knee commom fibular nerve; injury of common fibular nerve is foot drop and numbness; injury in tibial nerve is the loss of function on anterior leg and foot
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| Dermatomes | specific, predictable area of skin supplied by one spinal nerve; possible to locate damaged regions of spinal cord
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| Spinal Reflexes | arc passes through the spinal cord; responses are integrated in the gray matter of the spinal cord; brain does not direct the response
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| relex arc | simplest of nerve implulse patheays, containing only a few neurons; a receptor, a sensory neuron, and integration center, a motor neuron and an effector
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| stretch reflex | contraction of a skeletal muscle in response to stretching of the muscle, preventing overstrectching and heling maintain muscle tone
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| stretch reflex process | 1.stretching stimulates receptor in muscle; 2. sensory neuron sends message to gray matter spinal cord; 3.sensory neuron activate motor neuron and same time impulses to the antagonistic muscle are inhibited; 4.muscle activated; 5.muscle contracts
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