Endocrine System
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| What glands are included in the endocrine system? | pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, gonads(ovaries and testes). Pineal gland, thymus, secretory cells of the GI tract
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| Main function of the endocrine system | regulation and integration of body processes. Maintains a controlled environment
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| 3 General characteristics of endocrine glands | 1) secretion of hormones, 2)ductless glands, 3)well vascularized
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| hormones | chemical messengers ("regulators") which affect the activity of other cells
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| ductless glands | secrete products directly into blood stream
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| What is the most efficient way to distribute things systemically that is utilized by the endocrine system? | secrete directly into the blood stream
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| Describe the blood supply of endocrine glands | well vascularized
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| A certain endocrine gland affects it's ... | target tissue
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| What is the general effect of endocrine glands? | slow but long lasting. Opposite of CNS and PNS
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| negative feedback mechanism and example | low levels increase production, when levels are high again it forces secretion to stop. Ex. Insulin
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| What neural structure is involved in endocrine control? | hypothalamus.
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| Releasing factors | Secreted by the hypothalamus. Stimulate glands to secrete their specific hormones.
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| Example of a releasing factor | GHRF. Growth hormone releasing factor. Causes pituitary to release growth hormones. Secreted by the hypothalamus
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| What is another name for the pituitary? | hypophysis
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| What is the "master gland" and why | pituitary gland. It regulates many body activities through its action on other endocrine glands
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| Location of the Pituitary | Inferior surface of brain. Beneath the hypothalamus. Surrounded by the Circle of Willis.
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| What are the 2 lobes of the pituitary? | adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis
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| adenohypophysis | Anterior pituitary. Glandular portion. Produces and secretes 6 major hormones.
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| neurohypophysis | Posterior lobe. Nervous portion. Stores and releases 2 hormones produced by the hypothalamus. DOES NOT PRODUCE HORMONES.
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| Does the neurohypophysis produce hormones? | NO!
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| What are the 6 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary? | Growth Hormone (GH), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin
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| Growth Horomone (GH) | ANTERIOR PITUITARY.Increases protein synthesis and mitosis. Regulates growth of most cells in the body.
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| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | ANTERIOR PITUITARY.Regulates the hormonal activity of the thyroid gland.
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| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | ANTERIOR PITUITARY.controls secretion of hormones in the adrenal cortex
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| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | ANTERIOR PITUITARY. Stimulates follicle (ova) development in ovaries and sperm development in testes. Stimulates sex hormone secretion.
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| Luteinizing hormone (LH) | ANTERIOR PITUITARY. Plays a role in ovulation. Stimulates secretion of sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)
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| Prolactin | ANTERIOR PITUITARY. plays a role in the secretion of milk from the mammary glands. ("Lactation")
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| Oxytocin | POSTERIOR PITUITARY STORES AND SECRETES. Stimulate uterine contractions (delivery). Promotes milk ejection from breasts. (we can induce labor with drug that is similar)
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| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | POSTERIOR PITUITARY STORES AND SECRETES. Affects permeability of the kidney tubules to reduce excretion of water. (#vasopressin, controls blood pressure, constrict blood vessels)
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| What are the 2 hormones produced by the hypothalamus that are stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary? | Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
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| What are the 3 Hormones produced by the thyroid gland? | thyroxine(T4), Triiodothyromine (T3), and calcitonin
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| Location of the Thyroid Gland | Inferior to larynx, surround anterior and lateral aspect of trachea. Anterior neck.
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| Gross Structure of the Thyroid Gland | 2 lobes connected by isthmus. May contain a pyramidal lobe (superior extension)
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| Microscopic structure of the thyroid gland | contains cuboidal cells - hormone production. Follicles store hormones.
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| Thyroxine (T4) | THYROID.Found in most cells. Regulates basal metabolic rate (BMR).Like T3
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| Triiodothyromine (T3) | THYROID.Found in most cells. Regulates basal metabolic rate (BMR). Like T4
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| Calcitonin | THYROID. Site of Action: Bone. EFFECT: regulates osteoclast activity(breakdown of bone). Regulates amt of Ca that leaves Bone. Lowers Calcium blood Levels.
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| What hormone does the parathyroid gland produce? | Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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| Location of parathyroid gland | embedded on posterior side of thyroid. (4)
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| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) | PARATHYROID. Site of Action:osteoclast in bone, kidneys, intestines. Effect: Increase blood calcium levels. Opposite of calcitonin
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| What does basal metabolic rate effect? | Weight gain, body temp, energy
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| What are the Hormones produced by the adrenal glands? | Epipnephrine, Aldosterone, Cortisol, Androgens
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| Location of adrenal glands | "suprarenal" Paired glands located on superior pole of kidneys
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| Medulla of adrenal glands | inner portion. Activated by stress. "Flight or Fight" response.
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| Cortex of adrenal glands | outer portion. produces cortico-hormones. Responds to ACTH stimulation.
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| epipnephrine | ADRENAL.(catecholamines) Reinforces and prolongs sympathetic ANS response. Circulates to various organs and tissues through blood
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| Aldosterone | ADRENAL. "mineralcorticoid". Site of action: Kidney tubules. Regulates Na and K levels
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| Cortisol | ADRENAL "glucocorticoid" (hydrocortisone). Regulates metabolism(glucose). Prevent/reduce inflammation. Acts on various tissues. (Side effect:reduce immune response, weight gain)
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| Androgens | ADRENAL. (estrogen, progesterone). Supplement gonadal hormones. Promote development of secondary sex characteristics. Various sites of action.
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| Location of pancreas | posterior/inferior to stomach. Upper abdomen.
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| Structure of pancreas | exocrine (duct travel) and endocrine(blood stream travel) portions.
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| general hormones of the exocrine portion of pancreas | contains cells and ducts, Digestive enzymes that are released into the duodenum of the small intestine.
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| Beta cells | ENDOCRINE PANCREAS. Act On:All body Cells. Regulates transport of glucose into cells
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| Alpha cells | ENDOCRINE PANCREAS. Act on: Liver. Produces glucagon to break down glycogen into glucose.
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| Pineal gland location | suspended from roof of third ventricle
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| Melatonin | PINEAL GLAND. receives and responds to input from the visual pathway. Is at highest level at night. May effect wake/sleep cycle. Inhibits hypothalamus stimulation of hormones which stimulate the glands. delays sexual maturation.
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