Anatomy Vocab Ch 10 Marieb
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| River of Life | blood; heavier than water, about 5 times thicker; always slightly higher in temp than the body
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| blood | carries wastes, nutritents, body heat; the only fluid tissue in the body; both solid and liquid components; connective tissue that contains formed elements
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| formed elements | the living blood cells of the blood, suspended in nonliving fluid plasma matrix
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| plasma | nonliving fluid matrix of the blood; contains dissolved proteins appearing as fibrin strands during blood clotting; makes up 55% of whole blood, 90% water; straw colored; maintains body heat
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| erythrocytes | disc shaped red blood cells, the formed elements that function in oxygen transport; 45% of total volume of blood; aneucleate, contain very few organelles; "bag" of hemoglobin; outnumber WBC 1000 to 1
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| buffy coat | the thin whitish layer at the junction between erythrocytes and plasma; contains leukocytes and platelets, makes up 1% of blood
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| leukocytes | white blood cells; act in various ways to protect the body; contain nuclei and organelles, unlike RBC's; defends the body against damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites, tumor cells
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| platelets | cells fragments that help stop bleeding; form from megakaryocytes, have irregular shape
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| hematocrit | the percentages when a blood sample is taken
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| blood alkalinity | pH between 7.35 and 7.45, slightly alkaline
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| blood volume | is 8% of body weight, in healthy men is about 6 quarts, in women about 5
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| plasma substances | nutrients, salts or electrolytes, respiratory gasses, hormones, plasma proteins, various wastes and products of cell metabolism
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| plasma proteins | most abundant solutes, made by the liver; kept constant by hemostasis
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| albumin | carrier to shuttle molecules thru the circulation, important blood buffer, contributes to osmotic pressure of blood
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| acidosis | blood becomes too acid; corrected by the respiratory system and kidneys
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| alkalosis | blood becomes too alkaline; corrected by the respiratory system and kidneys
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| hemoglobin | mature red blood cells, iron bearing protein; transports bulk of oxygen that is carried in the blood; 250 million in a single red blood cell
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| anemia | decrease in the oxygen carrying ability of the blood
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| polycythemia | excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes
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| polycythemia vera | bone marrow cancer
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| secondary polycythemia | the body response to high altitudes where the air is thinner and less oxygen is available
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| diapedesis | leaping across, skip in and out of blood vessels so WBC's can get to infection
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| positive chemotaxis | the capability of WBC's to locate areas of tissue damage and infection by chemical "smell"
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| ameboid motion | WBC's form flowing cytoplasmic extensions that help move them along
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| leukocytosis | indicates that a bacterial or viral infection is being created or has been created in the body
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| leukopenia | abnormally low WBC count; common due to certain drugs
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| leukemia | cancer of the bone marrow
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| granulocytes | WBC's having lobed nuclei, include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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| agranulocytes | lack visible cytoplasmic granules; lymphocytes and monocytes
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| neutrophils | most numerous of WBC's; multilobed nucleus; phagocytes, partial to bacteria and fungi
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| eosinophils | number increase rapidly during allergies and infections by parasitic worms
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| basophils | contain large histamine containing granules
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| lymphocytes | slight larger tha RBC, live in lymphatic tissues, play a role in immune response, second most numerous leukocyte in the blood
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| monocytes | largest of the WBC; resemble large lymphocytes, when migrating into tissues they change to macrophages with huge appetites, fight chronic infection
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| "never let monkeys eat bananas" | neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
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| megakaryocyte | multinucleate cells from which platelets are broken off and formed
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| hematopoiesis | blood cell formation in red bone marrow or myeloid tissue; flat bones of the skull and pelvis, ribs, sternum and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
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| myeloid tissue | red bone marrow
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| hemocytoblast | stem cell which from all formed elements of the blood, found in red bone marrow
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| lymphoid stem cell | produce lymphocytes
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| myeloid stem cell | produce all classes of formed elements of the blood except lymphocytes
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| reticulocyte | a young red blood cell, enters the blood stream to begin transporting oxygen; becomes the hemocytoblast
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| erythropoietin | the hormone that controls eyrythrocyte production
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| thrombopoietin | accelerates the production of platelets
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| bone marrow biopsy | narrow needle aspirates red marrow from one of the flat bones
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| colony stimulating factors (CSF's) and interleukins | hormones that stimulate the formation of leukocytes and platelets
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| blood hemostasis | stoppage of blood flow; vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation or blood clotting
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| vascular spasm | immediate response to blood vessel injury, vasoconstriction, causes blood vessel spasm and narrowing, decreasing blood flow
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| platelet plug | underlying collagen fibers are exposed, platelets become sticky and cling to the damaged site; platelets release chemical to attrack more platelets to the site
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| coagulation | tissue factor (TF) is released; PF3 phosopholipid interacts with TF, vitamin K and blood protein clotting factors act with calcium ions to form the "clotting cascade"
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| thrombin | is created from prothrombin activator converting prothrombin to this enzyme
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| fibrin | thrombin join fibronigen proteins to create this hairlike molecule, forming the meshwork that traps RBC and form basis of blood clot
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| serum | plasma minus the cloting proteins, help in pulling ruptured edges of blood vessel closer together
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| thrombus | clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vesel
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| embolus | thrombus that has broken away from a vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream
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| thrombocytopenia | platelet deficiency
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| petechiae | broken vessels cause this purplish spotting on the surface of the skin
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| hemophilia | hereditary bleeding disorders that result from a lack of any factors needed for clotting
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| antigen | substance the body recognizes as foreign, stimulating the immune system to realease antibodies
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| antibodies | bear antigens different from those on the RBC, recognize and attack foreign substance
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| agglutination | binding of the antibodies, causing foreign RBC to clump (in blood transfusions of incorrect blood) clogging blood flow thru the body
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| hemolysis | rupture of RBC
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| type O blood | absence of A and B antigens; can receive only O blood; is universal donor blood
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| type AB blood | presence of both A and B antigens; can receive A, B, AB and O blood
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| type A blood | only A antigen is present; can receive A and O blood
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| type B blood | only B antigen is present; can receive B and O blood
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| Rh+ | most americans are this type, carry the Rh antigen; receiving the incorrect Rh factor will cause anti-Rh antibodies
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| hemolytic disease of newborn | baby is anemic and becomes hypoxic and cyanotic, brain damage and death due to Rh factor mismatch between mother and baby
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| fetal hemoglobin (HbF) | different from the hemoglobin formed after birth; HbA (hemoglobin A) replaces fetal RBC; the cause of jaundice
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| physiologic jaundice | the condition in newborns caused when fetal hemoglobin is being changed to hemoglobin A
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