ch 6 packet
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| Deductive reasoning | Descartes
if someting is true of a class, then that truth applies to all members of that class
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| Inductive reasoning | Bacon
reasoning process by which a person starts from particular experiences and proceeds to generalizations
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| Empiricism | Bacon's theory inductive reasoning
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| Cogito Ergo Sum | "I think, therefore I am." -Descartes, fundamental element of Western Philosophy
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| Leonardo da Vinci | artist and scientist(anatomy+biology)
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| Montaigne | French author; modern skepticism; created new genre: the essay
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| Instauratio Magna | Great Renewal; Bacon's book of knowledge
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| Novum Organum | part of Instauratio Magna; contains new method of acquiring knowledge(inductive method)
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| The Advancement of Learning | part of Instauratio Magna; 1623; insisted also that true knowledge is useful knowledge
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| The New Atlantis | 1627; Bacon portrayed a scientific utopia whose inhabitants enjoyed a perfect society through knowledge
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| Discourse on Method | Descartes(1637); ideas(full of doubt); deductive reasoning; "Cartesian dualism"
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| Vesalius | Flemish anatomist who reviewed and modernized the study of anatomy(with the book "The Structure of the Human Body" 1543)
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| William Harvey | "On the Movement of the Heart and Blood" 1628; it explains the blood flow through arteries and veins
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| Heliocentric Theory | the idea that the sun is the center of the universe and all planets revolve around it; Copernicus
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| Tycho Brahe | astrologist who interpreted the starry sky for kings; greatest authority on the actual positions and movements of the heavenly bodies in the generations immediately after Copernicus; didn't fully accept Copernicus' ideas
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| John Kepler | (astronomer)Tycho's assistant and follower; accepted and carried farther the Copernican theory; discovered that the orbits of planets are ellipses
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| Sir Isaac Newton | invented calculus; proved theories of gravity through it; established the idea that the earth is a well-regulated machine that works according to natural laws
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| Nicholas Copernicus | heliocentric theory; published "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs" right before death so he wasn't persecuted
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| Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy | Newton; all motion can be timed and measured on earth and the rest of the solar system with the same mathematical equations
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| Galileo | built telescope(1609) and discovered that the moon looked rough and confirmed that it was made of actual material, not just light; charged w/heresy and made a public apology
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| Leeuwenhoek | used microscope to become first to see blood corpuscles, spermatozoa, and bacteria
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| On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs | Copernicus(1543); heliocentric theory proved through mathematical demonstration
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| Pierre Bayle | greatest spokesman of skepticism
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| Edmund Halley | identified that comets returned and predicted when they would; he observed a comet that returned about every 76 years and is named Halley's comet today
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| Jean Mabillon | French monk/scholar; founder of diplomatics-very controversial; established paleography which deals with the deciphering, reading, dating, and authentication of manuscripts
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| Essay Concerning the Human Understanding | Locke(1690); argued for empiricism and held that the mind is a black tablet at birth and then it shapes itself into what people think or believe
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| paleography | science which deals with the deciphering, reading, dating, and authentication of manuscripts
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| numismatics | study or collection of currency
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| chronology | timeline arrangement
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| Richard Simon | French priest; wrote "Critical History of the Old Testament", Biblical critic
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| Gregorian Calendar | internationally accepted calendar(Pope Gregory XIII)
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| Letter on Toleration | John Locke; relationship between religion and government; advocated established church w/toleration to all but Roman Catholics and atheists
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| Reasonableness of Christianity | Locke; argued that Christianity is a reasonable form of religion; theologians cannot find good by themselves
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| Archbishop James Usher | Church of Ireland Archbishop; published the timeline of the time and date of creation; 4004 B.C. was creation of world
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| Samuel Pufendorf | German philosopher; "Law of Nature and of Nations"-no working together for the common good
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| Leviathan | Hobbes 1651; describes the government as a leviathan(monster mentioned in Bible); ruler must be absolute
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| Two Treatises of Government | Locke 1680; created to protect life, liberty, and property
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| John Locke | English philosopher; father of liberalism; American Constitution ideas creator; people had natural rights;social contract
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| The 17th century has also been called what? | century of genius
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| What event had repercussions for beyond the realm of pure science? | the scientific revolution of the 17th century
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| Who helped develop the scientific view of the world and emphasized the use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes? | Bacon and Descartes
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| In what field of science did the most astonishing scientific revolution take place? | physics and astronomy
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| although Newton and other scientists continued to believe in the existence of God, the old feeling of dependantcy on divine powers and judgements lost much of its force. | yes
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| What became a model on which many thinkers hoped to refashion human society? | the physical universe revealed by science
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| What has the revolution accomplished from Copernicus to Newton been called? | the greatest spiritual adjustment that the early modern centuries had to make
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| What undermined the Old Europe? | The growing involvement with other cultures
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| What led to a new sense of the relative nature of human institutions? | exposure to the variety of human manners and customs
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| The new views of humanity and of nature began to undermine the old certainties of European life, particularly what? | Christianity
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| Who was the most profoundly disturbing of all the thinkers of the age? | Baruch Spinoza
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| In his writings, who summarized many of the intellectual trends of his lifetime and exerted an immense influence on the future? | John Locke
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