Physiology of Articulation
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| Airstream directions | ingressive (in) vs. eggresive (out)
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| Airstream mechanisms | pulmonic, esophageal, glottal and velar
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| Eggresive pulmonic: | normal talking
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| Ingressive pulmonic: | talking while bringing air in (vocal folds STILL vibrate)
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| Eggresive esophageal: | burping speech
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| Eggresive glottalic: | air escapes when closed glottis is raised- used in ejectives of African and Native American languages
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| Ingressive glottalic: | air pushed in when closed glottis is lowered- these stops are called implosives and are used in India and Pakistan
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| Eggresive velaric: | tongue is raised and air escapes- Donald Duck speech
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| Ingressive velaric: | tongue moves and as air flows inward it creates the "clicking" sound used in many African languages
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| Four primary stages of swallowing: | oral preparatory, oral, pharyngeal and esophageal
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| What happens in the oral preparatory stage of swallowing? | chewing of food, forming a bolus, raising the tongue posteriorly
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| What happens in the oral stage of swallowing? | tongue drops down and pulls back to move the bolus toward the faucial pillars
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| What happens in the pharyngeal stage of swallowing? | 1)soft palate elevates and closes the nasopharynx 2)respiration ceases 3)vocal folds close 4)false vocal folds adduct 5)epiglottis folds down
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| What happens in the esophageal stage of swallowing? | esophageal sphincter opens (involuntary)
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