All or Nothing Law
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| If a muscle fiber is overly contracted at rest then... | upon stimulation the thick filaments can contract no farther than the Z discs and the contraction is weak
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| If a muscle fiber is too stretched then... | upon stimulation there is little overlap between thick and thin filaments, and the myosin heads cannot get a good grip on the actin and the contraction is weak
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| The amount of tension a muscle generates depends on... | how stretched or contracted it was before it was stimulated; this principle is termed the length–tension relationship
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| Action potential | triggers the release of Ca2+ into the cytosol and activates the sliding filament mechanism.
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| Twitch | At threshold or higher, a stimulus causes a quick cycle of contraction and relaxation of a muscle fiber. Produced by a single stimulus
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| Treppe | Repeated stimulation after relaxation phase has been completed, causes higher tensions due to increased Ca2+ concentrations in the sarcoplasm
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| During this time excitation, excitation–contraction coupling, and tensing of elastic components occurs during... | a latent period/delay
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| In the body, the resisting load is usually a | bone
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| Summation | Repeated stimulation before relaxation phase has been completed
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| Wave summation (temporal summation) | when stimulation of a muscle fiber is fast enough one twitch is added to another (before complete relaxation takes place)
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| Incomplete tetanus | when a muscle fiber reaches maximal tension and partially relaxes
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| Complete tetanus | muscle fiber reaches maximal tension and stays contracted (relaxation phase is eleminated)
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| Muscle tone is a result of... | Constant tension caused by changing activation of motor units. Thus, Stabilizes bones and joints
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| Precise control of movement determined by... | number and size of motor unit
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| One cause of treppe is that | the SR does not have time to completely reabsorb all the Ca+2 released.
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| Isometric contraction | is contraction(rising tension) without a change in length & can maintain joint stability.
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| Isotonic contraction | is contraction with a change in length but no change in tension & can move a load as the muscle shortens.
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| Isotonic-concentric contraction | a muscle shortens as it maintains tension, such as when the biceps brachii contracts and flexes the elbow to lift a weight.
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| Isotonic-eccentric contraction | a muscle lengthens as it maintains tension, such as when the biceps brachii lengthens as a weight is lowered
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