The Visual System
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| orbit | Protection for the eyeball. Frontal and maxillary bones are major components.
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| eyebrow | Protect eyes from dust. Oil glands on hair continuously produce and trap dust.
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| eyelid, eyelashes | Protect Eye from dust. Blinking keeps front of eye clean and moist. Ex. You blink more in a smoky/dusty environment.
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| conjuctive | Thin transparent membrane that secretes clear mucous. On Back of eyelid and anterior surface of eyeball
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| conjunctivitis | bacterial infection of conjunctiva. "Pink eye" - blood vessels of sclera dialate to kill bacteria, eye looks pink
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| lacrimal gland | -produces tears
-upper lateral portion of orbit
-Controlled by facial nerve (7th cranial)
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| nasolacrimal duct | -collects tears
-between eye and lateral wall of nasal cavity
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| extrinsic muscles of the eye | voluntary movement of the eyeball
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| How many (main) layers does the eyeball have? | 3 - Outer, Middle(vascular), and inner
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| What is in the outermost layer of the eyeball? | sclera and cornea
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| sclera | OUTER LAYER
-white part of eye
-tough outermost cover = fibrous
-protects inner structures of eye
-contains blood vessels
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| cornea | OUTER LAYER
-multilayered
-transparent
-normally no blood vessels but if you scratch it they will grow in and never leave
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| choroid | MIDDLE LAYER
-blood vessels supplying interior eyeball
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| ciliary body | MIDDLE LAYER
- moves and changes shape of lens
- has smooth muscle
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| iris | MIDLE LAYER
- color portion
- changes size of pupil to protect retina from strong light
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| How Many layers does the retina have? | 10 Major
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| pigmented layer ... where? | INNER EYE
-of the retina
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| nervous layer ... where and how many | INNER EYE
-of the retina
-9 layers
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| rods and cones - function | where the impulse is initially detected
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| bipolar cells - L and F | L - Nervous layer of retina.
F - carry impulse along from rods and cones to ganglionic cells
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| ganglionic cells - L and F | L - nervous layer of retina.
F - receive impulse from bipolar cells. Axons form optic nerve.
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| fovea centralis | -area of sharpest vision on the retina.
-where your eye tries to focus light
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| optic disc | -where the optic nerve attaches to the eyeball.
-blind spot of the eye
-does not have all layers of the retina
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| What are the cavities of the interior eyeball? | Anterior and posterior cavities
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| What separates the anterior and posterior cavities of the eyeball | The lens
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| Which cavity (anterior or posterior) is further divided into anterior and posterior chambers? | Anterior
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| What divides the 2 chambers of the anterior eyeball? | the Iris
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| What substance is contained in the anterior cavity of the eyeball? | aqueous humor
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| aqueous humor | -in anterior cavity of eyeball
- "watery"
- ciliary body produces
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| glaucoma | excess aqueous humor forces cornea forward causing an increase in pressure
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| Another name for the posterior cavity of the eyeball | vitreous chamber
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| vitreous humor | -In posterior cavity of the eyeball
-gelatin like
-will always have the same amount as when you were born - not produced anymore
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| Composition of the lens | Elastic CT, contains some protein
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| Function of the lens | changes shape to focus an image
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| cataracts | excess protein in the lens... pupil must get larger to compensate. Clouding occurs
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| Action of pupil when you look at something close | moves anterior, becomes thicker
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| Action of pupil when you look at something far | move posterior, becomes thin
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| Visual pathway | light hits rods and cones and is converted to an electrical impulse in the retina and is transmitted to the occipital lobe of the brain
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| cones (b/w or color?) | Color... Cones = Color
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| rods (b/w or color?) | black and white
-also, dim light
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