Anatomy Vocab Ch8 Marieb
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| special senses | smell, taste, sight, hearing; the four traditional senses
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| equilibrium | the fifth sense; receptors housed in the inner ear and called vestibular apparatus; responds to various head movements
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| special sense receptors | large, complex sensory organs (eyes and ears)or localized clusters of receptors (taste buds, olfactory epithelium)
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| accessory structures | extrinsic eye muscles, eyelids, conjuctiva, lacrimal apparatus
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| eyelids | meet at the medial and lateral corners of the eye, the medial and lateral commissure (canthus)
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| palpebral fissure | the space between the eyelids in the open eye
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| tarsal gland | sebaceous glands at the eyelid edge, produce oily secretion that lubricates the eye
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| ciliary gland | modified sweat gland between the eyelashes
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| conjuctiva | delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering part of the outer surface of the eyeball
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| lacrimal apparatus | lacrimal gland and a number of ducts that drain the lacrimal secretions into nasal cavity
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| lacrimal gland | located above the lateral end of each eye, release tears onto the surface of the eyeball through several small ducts
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| lacrimal canaliculi | tears flush across eyeball and into this first
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| lacrimal sac | second drainage site for tears
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| nasolacrimal duct | third stop for tears as they are flushed across the eyeball; empties into the nasal cavity
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| lysozyme | antibodies contained in lacrimal secretions
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| extrinsic (external) eye muscles | attached to the outer surface of each eye; lateral, medial, superior, inferior rectus and inferior and superior oblique
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| eyeball | hollow sphere composed of three layers (fibrous, vascular,sensory), interior filled with humors that help maintain shape
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| fibrous layer | outermost layer of the eyeball, the protective sclera and cornea
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| sclera | protective, thick, glistening white connective tissue, the white of the eye
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| cornea | the window through which light enters the eye, the most exposed part of the eye, is very vulnerable to damage
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| vascular layer | middle layer of the eyeball; three regions, choroid, ciliary body and iris
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| choroid | posterior region of the vascular layer, blood rich nutritive tunic containing dark pigment that prevents light from scattering inside the eye
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| ciliary body | an extension of the choroid, smooth muscle structure
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| ciliary zonule | suspensory ligament
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| iris | the colored part of the eyeball, houses the pupil
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| pupil | formed by smooth muscle fibers, act as the diaphragm of the camera, regulating the amount of light entering the eyeball
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| sensory layer | innermost layer of the eyeball, containing the retina
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| retina | two layers, pigmented layer, absorbing light and prevents light from scattering inside the eyeball; neural layer contains receptor cells, rods and cones (photoreceptors)
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| photoreceptors | rod and cones of the inner eye
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| vision | electrical signals passing from photoreceptors via bipolar and ganglion cells, leaving the retina via the optic nerve and to the optic cortex
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| optic disc (blind spot) | where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball, light from an object is focused onto the disc causing the object to disappear from view
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| rods | allow us to see gray tones in dim light, allow for peripheral vision
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| cones | allow color under bright light conditions; three types each sensitive to particular wavelengths of light; impulses received at same time from more than one type is interpreted as intermediate color; when all three stimulated we see white
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| fovea contralis | tiny pit that contains only cones, the point of greatest visual acuity or sharpest vision
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| color blindness | lack of cones types cause this, most exclusively in men; is passed thru the genes
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| lens | light entering the eye focuses on the retina by this; divided into two segments, aqueous and vitrous
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| cataracts | vision becomes hazy and distorted eventually causing blindness if not corrected
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| aqueous humor | the front of the lens containing a clear watery fluid
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| vitreous humor | the back of the lens filled with a gel-like substance, prevents the eyeball from collapsing; helps to maintain interocular pressure
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| interocular pressure | the pressure inside the eyeball
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| canal of Schlemm | scleral venous sinus; located at the junction of sclera and cornea; absorption site for aqueous humor into the venous blood
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| glaucoma | intraocular pressure increases to dangerous levels and compresses retina and optic nerve
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| tonometer | measures intraocular pressure
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| ophthalmoscope | illuminates the interior of the eyeball
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| refraction | when light passes from one substance to another that has different density, speed changes and rays are bent
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| accommodation | the ability of the eye to focus for close objects
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| optic nerve | where bundling of axons issue from the back of the eyeball
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| optic chiasma | where fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain
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| optic tract | fibers synapse with neurons in the thalamus; see optic chiasma
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| optic radiation | axons running to the occipital lobe of brain, carrying the vision message
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| binocular vision | two-eyed vision, provides for depth perception
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| hemianopia | loss of the same side of visual field of both eyes (tunnelvision)
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| eye muscles | both internal and external, controlled by the autonomic nervous system
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| convergence | the reflexive movement of the eyes medially when we view close objects
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| photopupillary reflex | the reaction when eyes are suddenly exposed to bright light, the pupils constrict; prevents bright light from damaging the photoreceptors
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| accomodation pupillary reflex | provides for acute vision, when the pupils constrict when viewing close objects
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| emmetropia | harmonious vision; the eyes focus correctly
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| myopia | nearsightedness
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| hyperopia | farsightedness
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| astigmatism | unequal curvatures in the cornea or lens, causing blurry images
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| receptors | pain, thermo, mechano, chemo, electromagnetic
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| fundus | posterior wall of the eye
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| mechanoreceptors | receptors that respond to physical forces
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| equilibrium receptors | keep nervous system up to date on position and movements of the head
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| ear | divided into 3 area; outer ear, middle ear internal ear
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| hearing areas of the ear | outer and middle ear
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| inner ear | both equilibrium and hearing; bony chambers called osseous (bony) labyrinth, in the temporal bone behind the eye socket
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| outer (external) ear | auricle and external acoustic meatus
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| auricle (pinna) | shell shaped structure surrounding auditory canal of the ear
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| external acoustic meatus | auditory canal; short narrow chamber carved into temporal bone of the skull
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| ceruminous glands | skin lined walls of the external acoustic meatus
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| cerumen (earwax) | waxy yellow secretion, provides sticky trap for foreign bodies and repels insects
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| tympanic membrane (eardrum) | the end of the auditory canal separating the external from the middle ear
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| middle ear (tympanic cavity) | small air-filled mucosa-lined cavity within temporal bone
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| oval and round windows | of the middle ear; help with sound impulses
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| pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube | runs downward to link middle ear cavity with the throat; yawning or swallowing can open it to equalize the pressure in middle ear
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| otitis media | inflammation of the middle ear
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| myringotomy | lancing of the eardrum
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| ossicles | three smallest bones in the body, found in the tympanic cavity; hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), stirrup (stapes)
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| hammer (malleus) | moves with the eardrum, transfering the vibration to the anvil
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| anvil (incus) | passes the vibration from the hammer to the stirrup
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| stirrup (stapes) | presses on the oval window of the inner ear, in response to vibrations passed from the hammer and anvil
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| osseous labyrinth | bony chambers behind the eye socket; 3 parts- cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals
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| cochlea | spiral, pea-sized part of the bony labyrinth
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| vestibule | between the cochlea and semicircular canal, a cavity
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| perilymph | plasmalike fluid filling the bony labyrinth
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| membranous labyrinth | system of membrane sacs suspended in the perilymph of the bony labyrinth
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| endolymph | thicker fluid of the membranous labyrinth
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| vesibular apparatus | two functional arms; static and dynamic equilibrium, work together for the balance of the body
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| maculae | within the membrane sacs of the vestibule, essential to sense of static equilibrium; report on changes in position of head in relation to pull of gravity when body is at rest; patch of responsive hair cells
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| otolithic hair membrane | hairs are embedded into this macula, jellylike mass studded with otoliths
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| otoliths | tiny stones made of calcium salts
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| vestibular nerves | impulses travel along this, from activation of hair cells telling the cerebellum of the brain that the position of the head has changed
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| dynamic equilibrium | responds to rotary movement of the head, as in twirling or rough seas; receptors are found in semicircular canals; acts jointly with static equilibrium
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| ampula | swollen region at the base of each membranous semicircular canal
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| crista ampullaris | receptor region of the inner ear, base of each semicircular canal
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| cupula | tuft of hair cells covered with gelatinous cap, the receptors on the crista ampullaris
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| vestibular nerve | the sensory nerve from the cupula to the cerebellum, controls and adjusts for the sense of motion
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| static eqiulibrium | balance concerned with the changes of position of the head; works with dynamic equilibrium
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| spiral organ or Cortie | contains hearing receptors or hair cells
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| hair cells | hearing receptors in the spiral organ of Corti
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| basilar membrane | vibrations of the pressure waves set into motion in the inner ear are felt here; high pitched sound effects short hair fibers, low pitched sound effects long hair fibers
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| tectorial memebrane | gel like membrane that lies over the hair cells
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| cochlear nerve | impulses are transmitted along this to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe
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| adapt | stop responding to stimuli
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| deafness | hearing loss of any degree; conduction (earwax or inflammation) and sensorineural (damage or degeneration)
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| otosclerosis | ruptured eardrum
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| vertigo | the sensation of spinning, causes ringing in the ears, nausea, inability to function
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| Meniere's syndrome | serious pathology of the inner ear, causing vertigo or vertigo symptoms
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| chemoreceptors | receptors for taste and olfaction
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| olfactory receptors | receptors for sense of smell, occupy space the size of a postage stamp on roof of each nasal cavity
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| olfactory receptor cells | neurons eqipped with olfactory hairs, long cilia that protrude from nasal epithelium, bathed in mucous
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| olfactory hairs | cilia that transmit impulses
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| olfactory filaments | bundled axons of olfactory neurons that make up the olfactory nerve
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| olfactory nerve | made up of olfactory filaments, conducts the impulses to the olfactory cortex of the brain; closely tied into the limbic system, the emotional-visceral part of the brain
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| anosmias | olfactory disorders
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| olfactory auras | hallucinations experienced by some epileptics just before going into seizure
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| taste buds | specific receptors for the sense of taste, widely scattered in the oral cavity, 10,000 taste buds, most on the tongue
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| papillae | peglike projections on the tongue
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| circumvallate and fungiform papillae | taste buds are found here, on the tongue
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| gustatory cells | specific cells that respond to chemicals dissolved in the saliva, epithelial cells
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| gustatory hairs | long microvilli of the gustatory cell
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| taste pore | through which the sense of taste is transmitted to the brain
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| taste bud nerves | facial (anterior part of tongue), glossopharyngeal and vagus
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| basal cells | deep in the taste buds, replaced every seven to 10 days
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| taste receptors | sweet, sour, bitter, umami(the flavor of monosodium glutimate), salt
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| strabismus | cross-eyed
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| ophthlmia neonatorum | baby conjunctivitis
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| presbyopia | decreasing lens elasticity accompanying aging
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