Hearing and Vision
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| Sclera | white portion of eye, outer covering that protects eye
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| aqueous humor | produced by choriod plexus, supplies oxygen to lens and cornea
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| viterous humor | jelly-like, transmits light, does not undergo replacement
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| Lens | posterior to iris, fine tunes refraced light, serves to focus light on retina
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| Fibrous tunic | outer coat of eyeball: sclera and cornea
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| Vascular tunic | middle layer: choroid, ciliary body, iris
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| Choroid | has dark brown pigments to aborb light, vascular to give nutrients to other tunics
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| ciliary body | smooth muscles which control lens shape for near and far vision, connected to lens by suspensory ligaments
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| iris | between cornea and lens, regulates the amount of light entering the eye
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| Sensory tunic | retina: photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
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| light refraction | degree of refraction depends on curvature of the interface between two media
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| curvature of cornea | curvature is constant allowing for 75% of images to focus on the reinta
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| curvature of lens | allows for fine tunign of the image
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| accomodation | ability of eyes to keep image focused on retina as the distance between eye and object is changed
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| 20 feet of more | ciliary muscles relax and lens is stretched
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| closer than 20 feet | ciliary muscles contract and lens is rounder , light rays are refracted more
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| Myopia/nearsightedness | lighted is refracted in front of the retina, use concave lens to diverge light
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| Hyperpia/farsightedness | light is refracted beyond retina, use convex lens to converge light
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| Rods | peipheral vision, shape discrimination/movement, night vision
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| Fovea centralis | contains only cones (sharpness of vision, color vision)
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| Photoreceptors: rods and cones | outer segment = photpigments (proteins) that undrego changes upon light absorption, and inner segment = continous with cell body
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| Photopigments | change shape as they absorb light, resynthensized in circadian rhythm
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| Rods | produce new discs in morning/first light
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| Cones | produce new discs at night
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| Rhodpsin | the only photopigment of rods, contains retinal (pigment) and opsin (protein)
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| Opsin | light absorbing poriton of all visual photopigments
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| Retinal | exists in two forms 11-cis-retinal and all-trans-retinal, converts to all-trans with light
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| Tympanic membrane (eardrum) | boundary between the outer and middle ear
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| Tympanic cavity | contains oval (vestibular) window and round (cochlear) window
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| Bony labyrinth | bony cavity: vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea. Contains perilymph
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| Membranous labyrinth | inside the bony, floats in perillymph from bony and contains endolymph
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| vestibule | contains oval window, has membranous sacs for equilibirum: acceleration and head position
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| Otolith organs | within vestibule: utricle (horizontal acceleration) and saccule (vertical acceleration)
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| Semicircular canals | contious with the vestibule, contains cupula (rotational acceleration)
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| Cochlea | anterior to vestibule, contains receptor organs for hearing
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| Organ of Corti | receptor organ for hearing (endolymph)
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| Scala vestibuli | continous with the vestuble and oval window (perilymph)
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| Scala tympani | contious with the scala vestibule (perilymph)
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| Loudness | measured in wave amplitude
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Created by:
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