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Special Senses
Hearing and Vision
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sclera | white portion of eye, outer covering that protects eye |
| aqueous humor | produced by choriod plexus, supplies oxygen to lens and cornea |
| viterous humor | jelly-like, transmits light, does not undergo replacement |
| Lens | posterior to iris, fine tunes refraced light, serves to focus light on retina |
| Fibrous tunic | outer coat of eyeball: sclera and cornea |
| Vascular tunic | middle layer: choroid, ciliary body, iris |
| Choroid | has dark brown pigments to aborb light, vascular to give nutrients to other tunics |
| ciliary body | smooth muscles which control lens shape for near and far vision, connected to lens by suspensory ligaments |
| iris | between cornea and lens, regulates the amount of light entering the eye |
| Sensory tunic | retina: photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells |
| light refraction | degree of refraction depends on curvature of the interface between two media |
| curvature of cornea | curvature is constant allowing for 75% of images to focus on the reinta |
| curvature of lens | allows for fine tunign of the image |
| accomodation | ability of eyes to keep image focused on retina as the distance between eye and object is changed |
| 20 feet of more | ciliary muscles relax and lens is stretched |
| closer than 20 feet | ciliary muscles contract and lens is rounder , light rays are refracted more |
| Myopia/nearsightedness | lighted is refracted in front of the retina, use concave lens to diverge light |
| Hyperpia/farsightedness | light is refracted beyond retina, use convex lens to converge light |
| Rods | peipheral vision, shape discrimination/movement, night vision |
| Fovea centralis | contains only cones (sharpness of vision, color vision) |
| Photoreceptors: rods and cones | outer segment = photpigments (proteins) that undrego changes upon light absorption, and inner segment = continous with cell body |
| Photopigments | change shape as they absorb light, resynthensized in circadian rhythm |
| Rods | produce new discs in morning/first light |
| Cones | produce new discs at night |
| Rhodpsin | the only photopigment of rods, contains retinal (pigment) and opsin (protein) |
| Opsin | light absorbing poriton of all visual photopigments |
| Retinal | exists in two forms 11-cis-retinal and all-trans-retinal, converts to all-trans with light |
| Tympanic membrane (eardrum) | boundary between the outer and middle ear |
| Tympanic cavity | contains oval (vestibular) window and round (cochlear) window |
| Bony labyrinth | bony cavity: vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea. Contains perilymph |
| Membranous labyrinth | inside the bony, floats in perillymph from bony and contains endolymph |
| vestibule | contains oval window, has membranous sacs for equilibirum: acceleration and head position |
| Otolith organs | within vestibule: utricle (horizontal acceleration) and saccule (vertical acceleration) |
| Semicircular canals | contious with the vestibule, contains cupula (rotational acceleration) |
| Cochlea | anterior to vestibule, contains receptor organs for hearing |
| Organ of Corti | receptor organ for hearing (endolymph) |
| Scala vestibuli | continous with the vestuble and oval window (perilymph) |
| Scala tympani | contious with the scala vestibule (perilymph) |
| Loudness | measured in wave amplitude |
Created by:
mmason
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