Chapters Definitions
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| nephron | structural and functional unit of the kidney
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| adipose capsule | fatty mass attaches to kindey and cushions it against blows.
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| ureter | tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder
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| urinary bladder | smooth, collapsible muscular sac that stores urine temporatory
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| trigone | interior of the bladder has openings for both ureters and urethra
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| urethra | canal through which urine passes from bladder to outside the body
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| micturition | urination or voiding emptying the bladder
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| Micturition Center | acting as an on/off switch for micturition signals parasympathetic neurons that stimulate contraction.
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| urochrome | yellow pigmentation in urine due to hemoglobin destruction.
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| nitogenous waste | end product of nucleic acid metabolism
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| specific gravity | characteristic of urine ranges from 1.001 to 1.035
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| glycosuria | excessive intake of sugary foods
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| proteinuria | hight protein diet protein in the urine
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| ketonuria | presence of ketone bodies in blood. excessive formation and accumalation of ketone bodies
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| hemoglobinuria | presence of hemoglobin in urine. transfusion reaction. hemolytic anemia
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| bilirubinuria | liver disease obstruction of bile ducts from liver or gallbladder
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| hematuria | bleeding urinary tract. blood in urine
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| pyuria | urinary tract infection. renal infection or in flammation
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| renal calculi | kidney stones
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| anuria | abnormally low urinary output
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| dysuria | difficult or painful urination. or painful discharge of urine
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| cystitis | bladder inflammation. inflammation of urinary bladder
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| stress incontinence | sudden increase in intraabdominal pressure forces urine through the external sphrinter (during laughing or coughing)
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| overflow incontinence | urine dribbles from the urethra whenever the bladder overfills.
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| urinary retention | bladder is unable to expel its contained urine
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| catheter | small tube or slender rubber drainage tube inserted through urethra to drain the urine and prevent bladder excessive stretching
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| nocturnal enuresis | bedwetting involuntary urination during sleep
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| cystitis | bladder inflammation. inflammation of urinary bladder
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| stress incontinence | sudden increase in intraabdominal pressure forces urine through the external sphrinter (during laughing or coughing)
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| overflow incontinence | urine dribbles from the urethra whenever the bladder overfills.
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| urinary retention | bladder is unable to expel its contained urine
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| catheter | small tube or slender rubber drainage tube inserted through urethra to drain the urine and prevent bladder excessive stretching
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| nocturnal enuresis | bedwetting involuntary urination during sleep
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| renal plexus | reaborption of sodium Na+
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| renal corpuscle | consists of glomerular capsule and enclosed glomerulus.
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| renal tubule | contains tubular fluid. where the wastes and fluid filtered by the glomerulus become urine
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| collecting duct | fuse to form large papillary ducts. filtrate from nephrons
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| juxtaglomerular apparatus | juxtaglomerular cels of arterioles. macula densa cells of distal tubule mesangial cells
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| urine | contains metabolic wastes and unneeded substances.
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| glomerular filtraton | a passive, nonselective process in which hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes throguht a membrane.
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| tubular reabsorption | movement of filtrate components from the renal tubules back into the blood.
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| tubular secretion | movement of undesirable substances from blood into filtrate. the secretion of some substances into the urine.
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| net filtration pressure (NFP) | responsible for filtrate formation, involves forces acting at the glomerular bed.
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| glomerular hydrostatic pressure | chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtraton membrane.
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| glomerular colloid osmotic pressure | forces that opposed glomerular hydrostatic pressure. forces that drive fluids back into glomerular capillaries. filtration-opposing forces.
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| capsular hydrostatic pressure | exert by fulids in the glomerular capsule. forces that opposed glomerular hydrostic pressure and drive fluids back into glomerular capillaries.
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| glomerular filtraton rate | rate of filtrate formation by the kidneys.
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| obligatory water reabsorption | water follows salt.
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| transport maximum | number of carriers in the renal tubles availabe to ferry each particular substance.
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| osmolality | total concentration of all solute particles in a solution. number of solute partciles dissolved in one leter of water and causes osmosis.
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| dieresis | excretion of unusually large quanity of urine. an increase excretion of urine.
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| renal clearnace | the volume of plasma that is cleared of a particular substance in a given time (usually one minute).
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| ptosis | both kidneys drop to a lower position. problem lead to urine unable to drain, backs up into the kidney and exerts pressure on its tissue.
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| hydronephros | water in the kidney. backup of urine from ureteral obstruction.
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| pyelonephritis | infections or inflammations that affect the entire kidney.
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| hemodialysis | progresses renal disease. usues an artificial kidney apparatus for removal of waste products.
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| intravenous pyelogram | assessment of renal blood vessels for obstructions viewing of renal anatomy. determination rate of excretion of the contrast medium.
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| polycystic kidney dieases | both kidneys begin to enlarge as blisterlike cysts containing chloride-rich fluid accululate.
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| diuretic | chemicals that enhance urinary output.
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| partial pressure | pressure exerted by each gase. directly proportional to the percentage of that gase in the mixture.
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| oxygen toxicity | partial pressure of oxygen is greater than 2.5 to 3 atm. excessively hight oxygen concentration generate harmful free radicals.
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| oxyhemoglobin | combination of hemoglobin-oxygen.
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| deoxyhemoglobin | hemoglobin released oxygen. reduced heomoglobin. HHb
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| hypoxia | inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissue.
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| carbon monoxide poisoning | leading cuase of death from fire. odorless, colorless gas that competes w/ oxygen of hem binding site.
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| bicarbonate ion | regulaton of blood pH.
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| carbonic anhydrase | enzyme that reversibly catalyzs conversion of carbonic acid (H2CO3)
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| hyperventilation | increased depth and rate of breathing
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| hypoventilation | decreased depth and rate of breathing
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| apnea | breathing cessation. discontinuance breathing
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| hypoxic drive | insufficient oxygen during respirator, causing boost of carbon dioxide. hight CO2, low oxygen, and low pH
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| nitrogen narcosis | hight levels of dissolved introgen in the blood. breathing air under high partial pressure of nitrogen.
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| acute mountain sickness | combination of reduced air pressure and lower oxygen concnentration at high altitudes.
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| emphysema | alveoli walls break though. enlarge alveolar chamber. inflammatory material blocks gasflow into alveoli.
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| chronic bronchitis | due to obstructive pulmonary diseases. increased airway resistance.
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| asthmas | not able to get air out when trying to breath. shortness of breath
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| tuberculosis | infectious diseases caused by mycobacteria.
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| cystic fibrosis | cuases thick sticky mucus to build up i the lungs. mucus clogs repiratory passages.
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| aspiration | inhaling or drawing something into the lungs or respiratory passages.
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| spirometer | measuring device for evaluating losses in respiratory function
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| bronchoscopy | insertion of tube through the nose or mouth to examine the internal surface of the bronchi.
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| cheyne-stokes breathing | abnormal breathing patern (seen before death). bursts of tidal volume breaths. increase then decrease in depth.
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| epistaxis | nosebleeding. excessive nose blowing.
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| pneumonia | infectious inflammation of the lungs. fluid accumlates in alveoli.
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| stuttering | vocal cords of larynx out of control and first syllable repeated.
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| sudden in fant death syndrome (SIDS) | unexpected death of healthy infant during sleep.
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| rhinitis | inflammation of the nose. inflammation of the mucous lining of the nose.
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| sinusitis | inflammation of the sinuses.
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| laryngitis | caused by inflammation of larynx.
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| valsalva's maneuver | attempting to forcibly exhale while keep the mouth and nose closed.
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| heimlich maneuver | emergency technique for preventing suffocating when airway(windpipe) becomes blocked by food or object.
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| pleurisy | inflammation of the pleura.
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| pleural effusion | fluid accumulation in pleural space (pleural cavity). leakage from
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| atelectasis | lung collapses. air enters the pleural cavity. rupture of the visceral pleural.
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| pneumothorax | the presence of air in the intrapleural space. "air thorax"
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| infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) | inadequate pulmonary surfactant is produced.
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| lung cancer | lungs cells become abnornal. cells invade nearby normal tissue and destroy organ structure.
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| hyperbaric oxygen chamber | administer oxygen at elevated pressure. oxygen at a level higher than atmosphere pressure.
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| respiratory zone | actual site of gas exchange respiratory bronchioles. alveolar ducts. alveoli
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| conducting zone | respiratory passageways for air to reach gas exchange sites.
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| olfactory mucosa | contains smell receptors
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| respiratory mucosa | secretes mucous, traps dust, bacteria, debris.
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| paranasal sinuse | sinuses lighten the skull. together with nasal cavity, they warm and moisten the air.
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| auditory tubes | tube links to pharynx to the middle ear.
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| larynx | houses the vocal folds, voice box.
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| surfactant | decreases or lower surface tension. type II alveolar cells.
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| tidal volume | narmal quiet breathing narmal. inspiration and expiration value 500ml.
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| inspiratory reserve volume | amount of air inspired forcibly beyond tidal volume. b/w 2100 to 3200ml
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| expiratory reserve volume | amount of air exhaled forced from lungs after a tidal expiration.
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| residual volume | air remains in the lungs. prevent lungs collapse.
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| vital capacity | total amount of exchangeable air. sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume
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| total lung capacity | sume of all lung volume around 6000ml
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| total dead space | sum of nonuseful volume. alveolar dead space and anatomical dead space.
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| forced vital capacity | measures amount of gas expelled when takes deep breath and forcefully exhales max and rapid.
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| forced expiratory volume | determine aount of air expelled during specific time interval of forced vital capacity test.
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| minute ventilation | total amount of gas flows into or out of the respiratory tract in 1 minute.
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| alveolar ventilation | amount of air enter alveoli for gas exchange.
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| dorsal respiratory group (inspiratory center) | pace-setting
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| ventral respiratory group | help activate muscles of forced expiration.
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| pontine respiratory group | fine-tune the breathing rhythm. prevent lung over inflation. prevent jerky breathing.
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| inflation reflexes | prevent excessive stretching of lungs
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| central chemoreceptors | sensitive or detect changes in pH
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| perifpheral chemoreceptors | monitor PCO2, PO2, pH of arterial blood. aortic body and carotid body
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| aortic bodies | receptor in aortic arch sensitive to changes O2, CO2, pH levels on blood.
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| carotid bodies | receptor in common carotid artery sensitive to changesO2, CO2, pH levels on blood.
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| hyperpnea | abnormally deep or rapid respiration. unchangied respiratory rate as during exercise.
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| cough | take deep breat, closing glottis. forced air superiorly fro lungs.
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| szeeze | expelled air directed through nasal cavities.
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| hiccup | sudden inspiratons result from spasms of diaphragm.
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| yawn | deep inspiraton. jaws wide open.
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| universal solvent | variety of solutes dissolved in water
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| electrolytes | chemical substances that dissociate(dissolved) in water. Capable of conducting electrical current.
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| metabolic water | body water produced by cellular metabolism.
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| insensible water loss | water vaporized out of lungs in expired air. Diffuse directly through the skin.
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| thirst center | stimulates by hypothalamus
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| obligatory water loss | cannot survive for w/o water intake.
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| sensible water loss | fluid loss through wound, drainage, GI tract, and urination.
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| antidiuretic hormone ADH) | causes kidney to conserve water. excrete concentrate urine.
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| aldosterone | diminish urinary output. increase blood volume. reabsoprton of sodium.
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| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) | reduce the water, sodium and fat on the circulatory system. reduce blood pressure and blood volume.
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| parathyroid hormone | release when calcium in blood declines. increase concentraton of calcium in blood
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| calcitonin | release in response to calcium increases in blood. acts to decrease calcium concentration in blood.
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| dehydration | water ouput exceeds intake over a period of time. body in negative fluid balance.
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| hypotonic hydration | overhydration.
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| edema | swelling. accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling.
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| diabetes insipidus | excessive thirst and excretion large amounts severely diluted urine.
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| addison's disease | hypoaldosteronism. loose tremendous NaCl and water.
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| hypernatremia | excessive sodium. dehydration.
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| chemical buffer | 1 or more molecules acts to resist changes in pH when strong acid or strong base is added.
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| alkaline reserve | amount of bicarbonic ions reserved in blood
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| volatile acid | acid freely turn into gas and eliminate by the lungs. H2CO3 converted to CO2.
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| metabolic (fixed) aicd | metabolic acids generated in body. eliminated in urine. phosphoric, uric lactic acids, ketone bodies
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| respiratory acidosis | CO2 accumulates in blood. higher PCO2 and low pH
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| respiratory alkalosis | lower PCO2 and High pH
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| metabolic acidosis | low pH and low HCO3-
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| metabolic alkalosis | high pH and hight HCO3-
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| respiratory compensation | change in respiratory rate helps stabilize pH of extracellular fluid.
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| renal compensation | change in rate of H+ ion and HCO3- secretion or reabsorption by kdneys in response to changes in plasma pH.
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| forced vital capacity | measure amount of gas expelled after deep breath and forced exhale.
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