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ch 22, 25, 26
Chapters Definitions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nephron | structural and functional unit of the kidney |
| adipose capsule | fatty mass attaches to kindey and cushions it against blows. |
| ureter | tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder |
| urinary bladder | smooth, collapsible muscular sac that stores urine temporatory |
| trigone | interior of the bladder has openings for both ureters and urethra |
| urethra | canal through which urine passes from bladder to outside the body |
| micturition | urination or voiding emptying the bladder |
| Micturition Center | acting as an on/off switch for micturition signals parasympathetic neurons that stimulate contraction. |
| urochrome | yellow pigmentation in urine due to hemoglobin destruction. |
| nitogenous waste | end product of nucleic acid metabolism |
| specific gravity | characteristic of urine ranges from 1.001 to 1.035 |
| glycosuria | excessive intake of sugary foods |
| proteinuria | hight protein diet protein in the urine |
| ketonuria | presence of ketone bodies in blood. excessive formation and accumalation of ketone bodies |
| hemoglobinuria | presence of hemoglobin in urine. transfusion reaction. hemolytic anemia |
| bilirubinuria | liver disease obstruction of bile ducts from liver or gallbladder |
| hematuria | bleeding urinary tract. blood in urine |
| pyuria | urinary tract infection. renal infection or in flammation |
| renal calculi | kidney stones |
| anuria | abnormally low urinary output |
| dysuria | difficult or painful urination. or painful discharge of urine |
| cystitis | bladder inflammation. inflammation of urinary bladder |
| stress incontinence | sudden increase in intraabdominal pressure forces urine through the external sphrinter (during laughing or coughing) |
| overflow incontinence | urine dribbles from the urethra whenever the bladder overfills. |
| urinary retention | bladder is unable to expel its contained urine |
| catheter | small tube or slender rubber drainage tube inserted through urethra to drain the urine and prevent bladder excessive stretching |
| nocturnal enuresis | bedwetting involuntary urination during sleep |
| cystitis | bladder inflammation. inflammation of urinary bladder |
| stress incontinence | sudden increase in intraabdominal pressure forces urine through the external sphrinter (during laughing or coughing) |
| overflow incontinence | urine dribbles from the urethra whenever the bladder overfills. |
| urinary retention | bladder is unable to expel its contained urine |
| catheter | small tube or slender rubber drainage tube inserted through urethra to drain the urine and prevent bladder excessive stretching |
| nocturnal enuresis | bedwetting involuntary urination during sleep |
| renal plexus | reaborption of sodium Na+ |
| renal corpuscle | consists of glomerular capsule and enclosed glomerulus. |
| renal tubule | contains tubular fluid. where the wastes and fluid filtered by the glomerulus become urine |
| collecting duct | fuse to form large papillary ducts. filtrate from nephrons |
| juxtaglomerular apparatus | juxtaglomerular cels of arterioles. macula densa cells of distal tubule mesangial cells |
| urine | contains metabolic wastes and unneeded substances. |
| glomerular filtraton | a passive, nonselective process in which hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes throguht a membrane. |
| tubular reabsorption | movement of filtrate components from the renal tubules back into the blood. |
| tubular secretion | movement of undesirable substances from blood into filtrate. the secretion of some substances into the urine. |
| net filtration pressure (NFP) | responsible for filtrate formation, involves forces acting at the glomerular bed. |
| glomerular hydrostatic pressure | chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtraton membrane. |
| glomerular colloid osmotic pressure | forces that opposed glomerular hydrostatic pressure. forces that drive fluids back into glomerular capillaries. filtration-opposing forces. |
| capsular hydrostatic pressure | exert by fulids in the glomerular capsule. forces that opposed glomerular hydrostic pressure and drive fluids back into glomerular capillaries. |
| glomerular filtraton rate | rate of filtrate formation by the kidneys. |
| obligatory water reabsorption | water follows salt. |
| transport maximum | number of carriers in the renal tubles availabe to ferry each particular substance. |
| osmolality | total concentration of all solute particles in a solution. number of solute partciles dissolved in one leter of water and causes osmosis. |
| dieresis | excretion of unusually large quanity of urine. an increase excretion of urine. |
| renal clearnace | the volume of plasma that is cleared of a particular substance in a given time (usually one minute). |
| ptosis | both kidneys drop to a lower position. problem lead to urine unable to drain, backs up into the kidney and exerts pressure on its tissue. |
| hydronephros | water in the kidney. backup of urine from ureteral obstruction. |
| pyelonephritis | infections or inflammations that affect the entire kidney. |
| hemodialysis | progresses renal disease. usues an artificial kidney apparatus for removal of waste products. |
| intravenous pyelogram | assessment of renal blood vessels for obstructions viewing of renal anatomy. determination rate of excretion of the contrast medium. |
| polycystic kidney dieases | both kidneys begin to enlarge as blisterlike cysts containing chloride-rich fluid accululate. |
| diuretic | chemicals that enhance urinary output. |
| partial pressure | pressure exerted by each gase. directly proportional to the percentage of that gase in the mixture. |
| oxygen toxicity | partial pressure of oxygen is greater than 2.5 to 3 atm. excessively hight oxygen concentration generate harmful free radicals. |
| oxyhemoglobin | combination of hemoglobin-oxygen. |
| deoxyhemoglobin | hemoglobin released oxygen. reduced heomoglobin. HHb |
| hypoxia | inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissue. |
| carbon monoxide poisoning | leading cuase of death from fire. odorless, colorless gas that competes w/ oxygen of hem binding site. |
| bicarbonate ion | regulaton of blood pH. |
| carbonic anhydrase | enzyme that reversibly catalyzs conversion of carbonic acid (H2CO3) |
| hyperventilation | increased depth and rate of breathing |
| hypoventilation | decreased depth and rate of breathing |
| apnea | breathing cessation. discontinuance breathing |
| hypoxic drive | insufficient oxygen during respirator, causing boost of carbon dioxide. hight CO2, low oxygen, and low pH |
| nitrogen narcosis | hight levels of dissolved introgen in the blood. breathing air under high partial pressure of nitrogen. |
| acute mountain sickness | combination of reduced air pressure and lower oxygen concnentration at high altitudes. |
| emphysema | alveoli walls break though. enlarge alveolar chamber. inflammatory material blocks gasflow into alveoli. |
| chronic bronchitis | due to obstructive pulmonary diseases. increased airway resistance. |
| asthmas | not able to get air out when trying to breath. shortness of breath |
| tuberculosis | infectious diseases caused by mycobacteria. |
| cystic fibrosis | cuases thick sticky mucus to build up i the lungs. mucus clogs repiratory passages. |
| aspiration | inhaling or drawing something into the lungs or respiratory passages. |
| spirometer | measuring device for evaluating losses in respiratory function |
| bronchoscopy | insertion of tube through the nose or mouth to examine the internal surface of the bronchi. |
| cheyne-stokes breathing | abnormal breathing patern (seen before death). bursts of tidal volume breaths. increase then decrease in depth. |
| epistaxis | nosebleeding. excessive nose blowing. |
| pneumonia | infectious inflammation of the lungs. fluid accumlates in alveoli. |
| stuttering | vocal cords of larynx out of control and first syllable repeated. |
| sudden in fant death syndrome (SIDS) | unexpected death of healthy infant during sleep. |
| rhinitis | inflammation of the nose. inflammation of the mucous lining of the nose. |
| sinusitis | inflammation of the sinuses. |
| laryngitis | caused by inflammation of larynx. |
| valsalva's maneuver | attempting to forcibly exhale while keep the mouth and nose closed. |
| heimlich maneuver | emergency technique for preventing suffocating when airway(windpipe) becomes blocked by food or object. |
| pleurisy | inflammation of the pleura. |
| pleural effusion | fluid accumulation in pleural space (pleural cavity). leakage from |
| atelectasis | lung collapses. air enters the pleural cavity. rupture of the visceral pleural. |
| pneumothorax | the presence of air in the intrapleural space. "air thorax" |
| infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) | inadequate pulmonary surfactant is produced. |
| lung cancer | lungs cells become abnornal. cells invade nearby normal tissue and destroy organ structure. |
| hyperbaric oxygen chamber | administer oxygen at elevated pressure. oxygen at a level higher than atmosphere pressure. |
| respiratory zone | actual site of gas exchange respiratory bronchioles. alveolar ducts. alveoli |
| conducting zone | respiratory passageways for air to reach gas exchange sites. |
| olfactory mucosa | contains smell receptors |
| respiratory mucosa | secretes mucous, traps dust, bacteria, debris. |
| paranasal sinuse | sinuses lighten the skull. together with nasal cavity, they warm and moisten the air. |
| auditory tubes | tube links to pharynx to the middle ear. |
| larynx | houses the vocal folds, voice box. |
| surfactant | decreases or lower surface tension. type II alveolar cells. |
| tidal volume | narmal quiet breathing narmal. inspiration and expiration value 500ml. |
| inspiratory reserve volume | amount of air inspired forcibly beyond tidal volume. b/w 2100 to 3200ml |
| expiratory reserve volume | amount of air exhaled forced from lungs after a tidal expiration. |
| residual volume | air remains in the lungs. prevent lungs collapse. |
| vital capacity | total amount of exchangeable air. sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume |
| total lung capacity | sume of all lung volume around 6000ml |
| total dead space | sum of nonuseful volume. alveolar dead space and anatomical dead space. |
| forced vital capacity | measures amount of gas expelled when takes deep breath and forcefully exhales max and rapid. |
| forced expiratory volume | determine aount of air expelled during specific time interval of forced vital capacity test. |
| minute ventilation | total amount of gas flows into or out of the respiratory tract in 1 minute. |
| alveolar ventilation | amount of air enter alveoli for gas exchange. |
| dorsal respiratory group (inspiratory center) | pace-setting |
| ventral respiratory group | help activate muscles of forced expiration. |
| pontine respiratory group | fine-tune the breathing rhythm. prevent lung over inflation. prevent jerky breathing. |
| inflation reflexes | prevent excessive stretching of lungs |
| central chemoreceptors | sensitive or detect changes in pH |
| perifpheral chemoreceptors | monitor PCO2, PO2, pH of arterial blood. aortic body and carotid body |
| aortic bodies | receptor in aortic arch sensitive to changes O2, CO2, pH levels on blood. |
| carotid bodies | receptor in common carotid artery sensitive to changesO2, CO2, pH levels on blood. |
| hyperpnea | abnormally deep or rapid respiration. unchangied respiratory rate as during exercise. |
| cough | take deep breat, closing glottis. forced air superiorly fro lungs. |
| szeeze | expelled air directed through nasal cavities. |
| hiccup | sudden inspiratons result from spasms of diaphragm. |
| yawn | deep inspiraton. jaws wide open. |
| universal solvent | variety of solutes dissolved in water |
| electrolytes | chemical substances that dissociate(dissolved) in water. Capable of conducting electrical current. |
| metabolic water | body water produced by cellular metabolism. |
| insensible water loss | water vaporized out of lungs in expired air. Diffuse directly through the skin. |
| thirst center | stimulates by hypothalamus |
| obligatory water loss | cannot survive for w/o water intake. |
| sensible water loss | fluid loss through wound, drainage, GI tract, and urination. |
| antidiuretic hormone ADH) | causes kidney to conserve water. excrete concentrate urine. |
| aldosterone | diminish urinary output. increase blood volume. reabsoprton of sodium. |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) | reduce the water, sodium and fat on the circulatory system. reduce blood pressure and blood volume. |
| parathyroid hormone | release when calcium in blood declines. increase concentraton of calcium in blood |
| calcitonin | release in response to calcium increases in blood. acts to decrease calcium concentration in blood. |
| dehydration | water ouput exceeds intake over a period of time. body in negative fluid balance. |
| hypotonic hydration | overhydration. |
| edema | swelling. accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling. |
| diabetes insipidus | excessive thirst and excretion large amounts severely diluted urine. |
| addison's disease | hypoaldosteronism. loose tremendous NaCl and water. |
| hypernatremia | excessive sodium. dehydration. |
| chemical buffer | 1 or more molecules acts to resist changes in pH when strong acid or strong base is added. |
| alkaline reserve | amount of bicarbonic ions reserved in blood |
| volatile acid | acid freely turn into gas and eliminate by the lungs. H2CO3 converted to CO2. |
| metabolic (fixed) aicd | metabolic acids generated in body. eliminated in urine. phosphoric, uric lactic acids, ketone bodies |
| respiratory acidosis | CO2 accumulates in blood. higher PCO2 and low pH |
| respiratory alkalosis | lower PCO2 and High pH |
| metabolic acidosis | low pH and low HCO3- |
| metabolic alkalosis | high pH and hight HCO3- |
| respiratory compensation | change in respiratory rate helps stabilize pH of extracellular fluid. |
| renal compensation | change in rate of H+ ion and HCO3- secretion or reabsorption by kdneys in response to changes in plasma pH. |
| forced vital capacity | measure amount of gas expelled after deep breath and forced exhale. |
Created by:
quachholly
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