Anatomy Ch5 Vocab Marieb
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| axial skeleton | bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body; skull, vertebral column, bony thorax
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| appendicular skeleton | bones of the limbs and girdles
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| skeletal system | bones, joints, cartilages, ligaments
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| function of bones | support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation
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| compact bone | dense and looks smooth
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| spongy bone | composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and open space
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| long bones | longer than they are wide; shaft with heads at both ends, compact bone
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| short bones | cube-shaped and contain mostly spongy bone; wrist and ankle
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| sesamoid bones | form within tendons, type of short bone; patella is an example
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| flat bone | thin, flattened, usually curved; two layers of compact bone with spongy bone between; skull, ribs and sternum
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| irregular bones | bones that do not fit other categories; vertebra and hip bones
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| diaphysis | bone shaft, compact bone
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| periosteum | fibrous connective tissue membrane covering the bone
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| perforating (Sharpey's) fibers | secure the periosteum to the underlying bone
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| epiphyses | end of long bone, thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone
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| articular cartilage | covers the surface of the epiphyses; glassy hyaline cartilage, providing smooth slippery surface
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| epiphyseal line | thin line of bony tissue spanning the epiphysis
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| epiphyseal plate | flat plate of hyaline cartilage in young growing bone; cause the lengthwise growth of bone
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| yellow marrow (medullary) cavity | cavity of the bone shaft, storage area for adipose tissue
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| red marrow | the cavity of the bone, blood cell formation in infants
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| bone markings | bumps, holes, ridges on bone surface
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| osteocytes | mature bone cells
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| lacunae | tiny cavities within the matrix of compact bone
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| lamellae | concentric circles inside the lacunae
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| Haversian canal | the central canal of the bone
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| Haversian system | osteon, central canal and matrix rings of the bone
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| canaliculi | tiny canals in bone, radiate outward from the central canals to all lacunae; transportation system connecting all bone cells to the nutrition supply
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| Volkmann's canals | perforating canals; communication pathway of the bone to its interior
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| ossification | process of bone formation
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| osteoblasts | bone-forming cells
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| osteoclasts | giant bone-destroying cells in bone, release calcium ions into the blood
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| bone remondeling | the constant process of change in bone, due to aging and increase in body weight and size
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| hematoma | blood-filled swelling of tissue
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| fibrocartilage callus | mass of repair tissue; cartilage matrix, bony matrix, collagen fibers, closing the gap in fractures
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| rickets | disease in children due to lack of Vit D or calcium in diet
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| reduction | realignment of broken bone ends
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| closed reduction | manipulation from outer skin surface to rejoin broken bones
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| open reduction | surgery to rejoin broken bones
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| bony callus | fibrocartilage callus become bony callus in fracture repair
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| cranium bones | frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
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| sagittal suture | midline of the skull
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| coronal suture | where the sagittal suture meets the frontal bone
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| squamous sutures | temporal bones join the parietal bones here
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| external acoustic meatus | canal that leads to the eardrum and middle ear
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| styloid process | what the neck muscles join to
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| zygomatic process | bridge of bone that joins with the cheekbone
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| mastoid process | attachment site for meck muscles (Mastoid sinuses)
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| mastoiditis | infection of the middle ear and sinuses
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| jugular foramen | junction of the occipital and temporal bones; the jugular vein passes thru here
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| internal acoustic meatus | facial and vestibulocochlear nerves
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| carotid canal | internal carotid artery runs thru, supplying blood to most of the brain
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| lambdoid suture | where occipital bone joins the parietal bones
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| formen magnum | large hole surrounding the lower part of the brain, and allows the spinal cord to connect with brain
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| occipital condyles | rests on the first vertebra of the spinal column
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| sella turcica | small drepression, form snug enclosure for the pituitary gland (Turk's saddle)
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| formen ovale | large oval opening allowing fibers of cranial nerve V to pass to the chewing muscles of the lower jaw
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| optic canal | allows optic nerve to pass to the eye
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| superior orbital fissure | cranial nerves controlling eye movements pass thru this
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| sphenoid sinuses | air cavities in the sphenoid bone
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| crista galli | projection from the surface of ethmoid bone, "cock's comb"; outermost covering of the brain attaches here
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| cribriform plates | holey areas on each side of the crista galli
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| superior and middle nasal conchae | form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
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| facial bones | maxillae, palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, vomer, inferior nasal conchae, mandible
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| alveolar margin | carries the lower and upper teeth in the face; keystone bones of the face
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| palatine process | anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth
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| paranasal sinuses | surrounding the nasal cavity, lighten the skull bones and amplify sounds
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| hyoid bone | not really part of the skull, suspended in the midneck region above the larynx; moveable base for the tongue
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| fontanels | fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones of the fetus and infant
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| secondary curvatures | curvatures in the cervical and lumbar regions
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| scoliosis | curvature of the spine
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| kyphosis | hunchback
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| lordosis | swayback
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| vertebral foramen | canal through which the spinal cord passes
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| transverse process | lateral projections from the vertebral arch
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| spinous process | single projection arising from posterior aspect of the vertebral arch
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| superior and inferior articular process | paired projections lateral to vertebral foramen, allowing vertebrae to form joints
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| atlas and axis | first two vertebrae of the cervical vertebrae
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| dens | pivot point of the atlas and axis
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| thoracic vertebrae (12) | articulate with the ribs; larger than cervical vertebrae
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| cervical vertebrae (7) | neck region of the spine
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| lumbar vertebrae (5) | massive, blockline bodies, hatchet shaped spinous process, moose head shaped; sturdiest of the vertebrae
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| sacrum | formed by fusion of five vertebrae; joins with lumbar (upper) and coccyx (lower)
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| coccyx | formed from the fusion of three to five tiny, irregularly shaped vertebra; tailbone
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| alae | the sacroiliac joints
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| median sacral crest | fused spinous process of the sacral vertebrae
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| posterior sacral foramina | to the sides of the median sacral crest
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| sacral canal | inside the sacrum
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| sacral hiatus | large opening of the sacrum; is the end of the median sacral crest before meeting the coccyx
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| bony thorax (thoracic cage) | sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae
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| thoracic cage (bony thorax) | forms a protective cone-shaped cage of slender bones around heart, lungs and major blood vessels; ribcage
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| sternum | the fusing of bones: manubrium body,xiphoid process, and attaches to the first seven pairs of ribs; landmarks are jugular notch, sternal angle and xiphisternal joint
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| jugular notch | upper border of the manubrium, at the level of the third thoracic vertebra
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| sternal angle | where the manubrium and body meet; provides a handy reference point for counting ribs
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| xiphisternal joint | where the sternal body and xiphoid process fuse, ninth thoracic vertebra
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| ribs | floating ribs, last two pairs, lack sternal attachments; false ribs, attach either indirectly or not at all to the sternum; true ribs, 12 pairs form the wall of bony thorax
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| shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle) | two bones, clavicle and scapula
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| clavicle | collarbone, attaches to the manubrium of the sternum and scapula, forming the shoulder joint
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| scapula | shoulder blade, flattened body and two processes, acromion and coracoid processes
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| acromion | the enlarged end of the spine of the scapula
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| coracoid process | beaklike end of the scapula
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| acromioclavicular joint | where the acromion connects with the clavicle
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| suprascapular notch | nerve passageway
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| glenoid cavity | shallow socket that receives the head of the arm (humerus) bone
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| humerus | long bone of the upper arm
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| anatomical neck | slight constriction below the humerus head
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| intertubercular sulcus | bony projections of the humerus head
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| greater and lesser tubercles | sites of muscle attachement to the humerus
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| surgical neck | most frequently fractured part of humerus
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| deltoid tuberosity | midpoint of the humerus shaft where the deltoid muscle of the shoulder attaches
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| radial groove | marks the course of the radial nerve
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| trochlea | distal end of the humerus, looks like a spool
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| capitulum | distal end of the humerus, looks like a ball
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| coroniod fossa | depression on the bone; along with olecranon fossa, allow the process of the ulna to move freely when elbow is bent
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| olecranon fossa | allow the process of the ulna to move freely when elbow is bent
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| medial and lateral epicondyles | along with olecranon fossa and coronoid fossa, allow the process of the ulna to move freely when elbow is bent
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| radius | lateral or thumb side of the forearm
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| radioulnar joint | where the radius and ulnar bones meet and work together
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| interosseous membrane | membrane that connects the radius and ulnar bones their entire length
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| styloid process | the process at the distal end of the ulna and radius
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| radial tuberosity | just below the head of the radius, where tendon of the bicep muscle attaches
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| ulna | medial bone on little finger side of the forearm
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| trochlear notch | separates the coronoid and olecranon processes; these bones grip the trochlea of the humerus in pliers-like joint
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| carpal bones (carpus) | bones of the wrist
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| metacarpals | bones of the hand
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| phalanges | bones of the fingers
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| pelvic girdle | formed by two coxal bones, commonly called hip bones
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| hip bones | ilium, ischium and pubis
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| ilium | large flaring bone that forms most of the hip bone
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| ischium | sit-down bone
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| sacroiliac joint | the joining area of the ilium sacrum
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| iliac crest | upper edge of the ala, important anatomical landmark for injection site; joins with the anterior superior and posterior superior iliac spine
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| ischial tuberosity | the area that receives body weight when sitting
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| ischial spine | above the tuberosity, important landmark on pregnant women, narrows the outlet of the pelvis
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| greater sciatic notch | allows blood vessels and large sciatic nerve to pass from the pelvis into the thigh
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| pubis (pubic bone) | anterior part of the coxal bone
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| obturator foramen | bar of bone enclosed by the pubic bone, allows blood vessels and nerves to pass into the anterior part of the thigh
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| pubic symphysis | where the pubic bones of each hip bone fuse to form a cartilaginous joing
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| acetabulum | the socket where the ilium, ischium and pubis fuse; means vinegar cup, receives the head of the high bone
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| false pelvis | part of the bony pelvis; is above the true pelvis
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| true pelvis | surrounded by bone and must be large enough in a woman for childbirth
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| femur | thigh bone, only bone in the thigh, heaviest and strongest bone in the body
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| greater and lesser trochanters | where the muscles attach to the femur
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| gluteal tuberosity | along with the greater and lesser trochanters, are the muscle attachment points for the femur
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| interochanteric line and crest | the bigger bony projections on the proximal head of the femur, serves as muscle attachment points on the femur
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| lateral and medial condyles | on the distal end of long bones, articulating with the long bone below, forming the joint
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| intercondylar fossa | deep groove between the medial and lateral condyles, on the distal end of the femur
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| patellar surface | on the distal femur, joint where the kneecap (patella) is formed
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| interosseous membrane | connected along the length of the tibia and fibula
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| tibia | shinbone; medial to the fibula
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| intercondylar eminence | articulate with the distal end of the femur form the knee joint, with the medial and lateral condyles
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| tibial tuberosity | where the patellar ligament attaches
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| medial malleolus | process that forms the inner bulge of the ankle
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| anterior border | anterior surface of the tibia that is unprotected by muscles, is easily felt under the skin
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| fibula | lies alongside the tibia and forms joints with with the tibia both proximally and distally
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| lateral malleolus | forms the outer part of the ankle
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| tarsus | the foot bone, formed of 7 tarsal bones
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| tarsal bones | 7 bones forming the foot
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| calcaneus | body weight is carried by this largest tarsal, the heel bone
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| talus | ankle bone, lies between the tibia and the calcaneus
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| metatarsals | forms the body of the foot, 5 foot bones
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| phalanges | 14 toe bones forming the 10 toes; each toe has 3 of these except the big toe, having 2
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| articulations | joints, forming movement points between bones
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| synarthroses | immovable joints
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| amphiarthroses | slightly movable joints
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| diarthroses | freely movable joints
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| fibrous joints | bones united by fibrous tissue, as in the sutures of the skull
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| syndesmoses | the "give" of the suture; connecting fibers are longer than that of the suture, giving the ability to give
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| cartilaginous joints | bone ends are connected by cartilage
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| synovial joints | joints in which articulating bone ends are sparated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid
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| synovial joint features | articular cartilage, fibrous articualar capsule, joint cavity, reinforming ligaments
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| bursae | flattened fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane, containing synovial fluid
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| tendon sheath | an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon, subject to friction
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| synovial joint types | plane joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, condyloid joint, saddle joint, ball and socket joint
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| plane joint | movements are nonaxial, movement does not include rotation; articular surface is flat, only short movements are possible
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| hinge joint | angular movement is allowed on one surface; elbow joint, ankle joint; uniaxial, allow movement on one axis
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| pivot joint | uniaxial joint, rounded end of one bone fits into a sleeve or ring of bone
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| condyloid joint | knuckle-like, egg-shaped articular surface of one bone fits into an oval concavity in another; biaxial movement, side to side and back and forth movement
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| saddle joint | both articular surfaces have concave areas, resembling a saddle; biaxial joints allow side to side, back and forth movement
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| ball and socket joint | head of one bone fits into the socket of another; multiaxial joint allows movement in all directions including rotation
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| bursitis | water on the knee
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| sprain | ligaments or tendons are damaged by excessive stretching or tearing from the bone
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| arthritis | crippling disease causing pain, stiffness and swelling of the joint
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| osteoarthritis (OA) | most common form of arthritis
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| bone spurs | extra bone tissue forming around the margins of eroded cartilage
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| crepitus | the crunching noise made by joints upon movement
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| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | chronic inflammatory disorder, autoimmune disease, begins with inflammation of synovial membranes
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| pannus | abnormal tissue caused by inflamed synovial membrane, eroding articular cartilage
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| ankylosis | fusing of bone
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| gouty arthritis | disease in which uric acid accumulates in the blood and deposites in the soft tissues of joints
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| osteoporosis | bone-thinning disease, making bones fragile, especially the spine and neck of the femur
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| frontal bone | forms the forehead
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| parietal bone | pair of bones forming most of the superior and lateral walls of the cranium
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| temporal bones | pair of bones above the ear; join occipital and sphenoid bones
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| occipital bone | forms the floor and back wall of the skull
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| sphenoid bone | spans the width of the skull and forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity
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| ethmoid bone | forms the roof of the nasal cavity and part of the medial walls of the orbits
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| maxillary bones | two maxillae that fuse to form the upper jaw
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