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Anatomy Ch5 Vocab
Anatomy Ch5 Vocab Marieb
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| axial skeleton | bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body; skull, vertebral column, bony thorax |
| appendicular skeleton | bones of the limbs and girdles |
| skeletal system | bones, joints, cartilages, ligaments |
| function of bones | support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation |
| compact bone | dense and looks smooth |
| spongy bone | composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and open space |
| long bones | longer than they are wide; shaft with heads at both ends, compact bone |
| short bones | cube-shaped and contain mostly spongy bone; wrist and ankle |
| sesamoid bones | form within tendons, type of short bone; patella is an example |
| flat bone | thin, flattened, usually curved; two layers of compact bone with spongy bone between; skull, ribs and sternum |
| irregular bones | bones that do not fit other categories; vertebra and hip bones |
| diaphysis | bone shaft, compact bone |
| periosteum | fibrous connective tissue membrane covering the bone |
| perforating (Sharpey's) fibers | secure the periosteum to the underlying bone |
| epiphyses | end of long bone, thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone |
| articular cartilage | covers the surface of the epiphyses; glassy hyaline cartilage, providing smooth slippery surface |
| epiphyseal line | thin line of bony tissue spanning the epiphysis |
| epiphyseal plate | flat plate of hyaline cartilage in young growing bone; cause the lengthwise growth of bone |
| yellow marrow (medullary) cavity | cavity of the bone shaft, storage area for adipose tissue |
| red marrow | the cavity of the bone, blood cell formation in infants |
| bone markings | bumps, holes, ridges on bone surface |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells |
| lacunae | tiny cavities within the matrix of compact bone |
| lamellae | concentric circles inside the lacunae |
| Haversian canal | the central canal of the bone |
| Haversian system | osteon, central canal and matrix rings of the bone |
| canaliculi | tiny canals in bone, radiate outward from the central canals to all lacunae; transportation system connecting all bone cells to the nutrition supply |
| Volkmann's canals | perforating canals; communication pathway of the bone to its interior |
| ossification | process of bone formation |
| osteoblasts | bone-forming cells |
| osteoclasts | giant bone-destroying cells in bone, release calcium ions into the blood |
| bone remondeling | the constant process of change in bone, due to aging and increase in body weight and size |
| hematoma | blood-filled swelling of tissue |
| fibrocartilage callus | mass of repair tissue; cartilage matrix, bony matrix, collagen fibers, closing the gap in fractures |
| rickets | disease in children due to lack of Vit D or calcium in diet |
| reduction | realignment of broken bone ends |
| closed reduction | manipulation from outer skin surface to rejoin broken bones |
| open reduction | surgery to rejoin broken bones |
| bony callus | fibrocartilage callus become bony callus in fracture repair |
| cranium bones | frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid |
| sagittal suture | midline of the skull |
| coronal suture | where the sagittal suture meets the frontal bone |
| squamous sutures | temporal bones join the parietal bones here |
| external acoustic meatus | canal that leads to the eardrum and middle ear |
| styloid process | what the neck muscles join to |
| zygomatic process | bridge of bone that joins with the cheekbone |
| mastoid process | attachment site for meck muscles (Mastoid sinuses) |
| mastoiditis | infection of the middle ear and sinuses |
| jugular foramen | junction of the occipital and temporal bones; the jugular vein passes thru here |
| internal acoustic meatus | facial and vestibulocochlear nerves |
| carotid canal | internal carotid artery runs thru, supplying blood to most of the brain |
| lambdoid suture | where occipital bone joins the parietal bones |
| formen magnum | large hole surrounding the lower part of the brain, and allows the spinal cord to connect with brain |
| occipital condyles | rests on the first vertebra of the spinal column |
| sella turcica | small drepression, form snug enclosure for the pituitary gland (Turk's saddle) |
| formen ovale | large oval opening allowing fibers of cranial nerve V to pass to the chewing muscles of the lower jaw |
| optic canal | allows optic nerve to pass to the eye |
| superior orbital fissure | cranial nerves controlling eye movements pass thru this |
| sphenoid sinuses | air cavities in the sphenoid bone |
| crista galli | projection from the surface of ethmoid bone, "cock's comb"; outermost covering of the brain attaches here |
| cribriform plates | holey areas on each side of the crista galli |
| superior and middle nasal conchae | form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity |
| facial bones | maxillae, palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, vomer, inferior nasal conchae, mandible |
| alveolar margin | carries the lower and upper teeth in the face; keystone bones of the face |
| palatine process | anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth |
| paranasal sinuses | surrounding the nasal cavity, lighten the skull bones and amplify sounds |
| hyoid bone | not really part of the skull, suspended in the midneck region above the larynx; moveable base for the tongue |
| fontanels | fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones of the fetus and infant |
| secondary curvatures | curvatures in the cervical and lumbar regions |
| scoliosis | curvature of the spine |
| kyphosis | hunchback |
| lordosis | swayback |
| vertebral foramen | canal through which the spinal cord passes |
| transverse process | lateral projections from the vertebral arch |
| spinous process | single projection arising from posterior aspect of the vertebral arch |
| superior and inferior articular process | paired projections lateral to vertebral foramen, allowing vertebrae to form joints |
| atlas and axis | first two vertebrae of the cervical vertebrae |
| dens | pivot point of the atlas and axis |
| thoracic vertebrae (12) | articulate with the ribs; larger than cervical vertebrae |
| cervical vertebrae (7) | neck region of the spine |
| lumbar vertebrae (5) | massive, blockline bodies, hatchet shaped spinous process, moose head shaped; sturdiest of the vertebrae |
| sacrum | formed by fusion of five vertebrae; joins with lumbar (upper) and coccyx (lower) |
| coccyx | formed from the fusion of three to five tiny, irregularly shaped vertebra; tailbone |
| alae | the sacroiliac joints |
| median sacral crest | fused spinous process of the sacral vertebrae |
| posterior sacral foramina | to the sides of the median sacral crest |
| sacral canal | inside the sacrum |
| sacral hiatus | large opening of the sacrum; is the end of the median sacral crest before meeting the coccyx |
| bony thorax (thoracic cage) | sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae |
| thoracic cage (bony thorax) | forms a protective cone-shaped cage of slender bones around heart, lungs and major blood vessels; ribcage |
| sternum | the fusing of bones: manubrium body,xiphoid process, and attaches to the first seven pairs of ribs; landmarks are jugular notch, sternal angle and xiphisternal joint |
| jugular notch | upper border of the manubrium, at the level of the third thoracic vertebra |
| sternal angle | where the manubrium and body meet; provides a handy reference point for counting ribs |
| xiphisternal joint | where the sternal body and xiphoid process fuse, ninth thoracic vertebra |
| ribs | floating ribs, last two pairs, lack sternal attachments; false ribs, attach either indirectly or not at all to the sternum; true ribs, 12 pairs form the wall of bony thorax |
| shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle) | two bones, clavicle and scapula |
| clavicle | collarbone, attaches to the manubrium of the sternum and scapula, forming the shoulder joint |
| scapula | shoulder blade, flattened body and two processes, acromion and coracoid processes |
| acromion | the enlarged end of the spine of the scapula |
| coracoid process | beaklike end of the scapula |
| acromioclavicular joint | where the acromion connects with the clavicle |
| suprascapular notch | nerve passageway |
| glenoid cavity | shallow socket that receives the head of the arm (humerus) bone |
| humerus | long bone of the upper arm |
| anatomical neck | slight constriction below the humerus head |
| intertubercular sulcus | bony projections of the humerus head |
| greater and lesser tubercles | sites of muscle attachement to the humerus |
| surgical neck | most frequently fractured part of humerus |
| deltoid tuberosity | midpoint of the humerus shaft where the deltoid muscle of the shoulder attaches |
| radial groove | marks the course of the radial nerve |
| trochlea | distal end of the humerus, looks like a spool |
| capitulum | distal end of the humerus, looks like a ball |
| coroniod fossa | depression on the bone; along with olecranon fossa, allow the process of the ulna to move freely when elbow is bent |
| olecranon fossa | allow the process of the ulna to move freely when elbow is bent |
| medial and lateral epicondyles | along with olecranon fossa and coronoid fossa, allow the process of the ulna to move freely when elbow is bent |
| radius | lateral or thumb side of the forearm |
| radioulnar joint | where the radius and ulnar bones meet and work together |
| interosseous membrane | membrane that connects the radius and ulnar bones their entire length |
| styloid process | the process at the distal end of the ulna and radius |
| radial tuberosity | just below the head of the radius, where tendon of the bicep muscle attaches |
| ulna | medial bone on little finger side of the forearm |
| trochlear notch | separates the coronoid and olecranon processes; these bones grip the trochlea of the humerus in pliers-like joint |
| carpal bones (carpus) | bones of the wrist |
| metacarpals | bones of the hand |
| phalanges | bones of the fingers |
| pelvic girdle | formed by two coxal bones, commonly called hip bones |
| hip bones | ilium, ischium and pubis |
| ilium | large flaring bone that forms most of the hip bone |
| ischium | sit-down bone |
| sacroiliac joint | the joining area of the ilium sacrum |
| iliac crest | upper edge of the ala, important anatomical landmark for injection site; joins with the anterior superior and posterior superior iliac spine |
| ischial tuberosity | the area that receives body weight when sitting |
| ischial spine | above the tuberosity, important landmark on pregnant women, narrows the outlet of the pelvis |
| greater sciatic notch | allows blood vessels and large sciatic nerve to pass from the pelvis into the thigh |
| pubis (pubic bone) | anterior part of the coxal bone |
| obturator foramen | bar of bone enclosed by the pubic bone, allows blood vessels and nerves to pass into the anterior part of the thigh |
| pubic symphysis | where the pubic bones of each hip bone fuse to form a cartilaginous joing |
| acetabulum | the socket where the ilium, ischium and pubis fuse; means vinegar cup, receives the head of the high bone |
| false pelvis | part of the bony pelvis; is above the true pelvis |
| true pelvis | surrounded by bone and must be large enough in a woman for childbirth |
| femur | thigh bone, only bone in the thigh, heaviest and strongest bone in the body |
| greater and lesser trochanters | where the muscles attach to the femur |
| gluteal tuberosity | along with the greater and lesser trochanters, are the muscle attachment points for the femur |
| interochanteric line and crest | the bigger bony projections on the proximal head of the femur, serves as muscle attachment points on the femur |
| lateral and medial condyles | on the distal end of long bones, articulating with the long bone below, forming the joint |
| intercondylar fossa | deep groove between the medial and lateral condyles, on the distal end of the femur |
| patellar surface | on the distal femur, joint where the kneecap (patella) is formed |
| interosseous membrane | connected along the length of the tibia and fibula |
| tibia | shinbone; medial to the fibula |
| intercondylar eminence | articulate with the distal end of the femur form the knee joint, with the medial and lateral condyles |
| tibial tuberosity | where the patellar ligament attaches |
| medial malleolus | process that forms the inner bulge of the ankle |
| anterior border | anterior surface of the tibia that is unprotected by muscles, is easily felt under the skin |
| fibula | lies alongside the tibia and forms joints with with the tibia both proximally and distally |
| lateral malleolus | forms the outer part of the ankle |
| tarsus | the foot bone, formed of 7 tarsal bones |
| tarsal bones | 7 bones forming the foot |
| calcaneus | body weight is carried by this largest tarsal, the heel bone |
| talus | ankle bone, lies between the tibia and the calcaneus |
| metatarsals | forms the body of the foot, 5 foot bones |
| phalanges | 14 toe bones forming the 10 toes; each toe has 3 of these except the big toe, having 2 |
| articulations | joints, forming movement points between bones |
| synarthroses | immovable joints |
| amphiarthroses | slightly movable joints |
| diarthroses | freely movable joints |
| fibrous joints | bones united by fibrous tissue, as in the sutures of the skull |
| syndesmoses | the "give" of the suture; connecting fibers are longer than that of the suture, giving the ability to give |
| cartilaginous joints | bone ends are connected by cartilage |
| synovial joints | joints in which articulating bone ends are sparated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid |
| synovial joint features | articular cartilage, fibrous articualar capsule, joint cavity, reinforming ligaments |
| bursae | flattened fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane, containing synovial fluid |
| tendon sheath | an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon, subject to friction |
| synovial joint types | plane joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, condyloid joint, saddle joint, ball and socket joint |
| plane joint | movements are nonaxial, movement does not include rotation; articular surface is flat, only short movements are possible |
| hinge joint | angular movement is allowed on one surface; elbow joint, ankle joint; uniaxial, allow movement on one axis |
| pivot joint | uniaxial joint, rounded end of one bone fits into a sleeve or ring of bone |
| condyloid joint | knuckle-like, egg-shaped articular surface of one bone fits into an oval concavity in another; biaxial movement, side to side and back and forth movement |
| saddle joint | both articular surfaces have concave areas, resembling a saddle; biaxial joints allow side to side, back and forth movement |
| ball and socket joint | head of one bone fits into the socket of another; multiaxial joint allows movement in all directions including rotation |
| bursitis | water on the knee |
| sprain | ligaments or tendons are damaged by excessive stretching or tearing from the bone |
| arthritis | crippling disease causing pain, stiffness and swelling of the joint |
| osteoarthritis (OA) | most common form of arthritis |
| bone spurs | extra bone tissue forming around the margins of eroded cartilage |
| crepitus | the crunching noise made by joints upon movement |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | chronic inflammatory disorder, autoimmune disease, begins with inflammation of synovial membranes |
| pannus | abnormal tissue caused by inflamed synovial membrane, eroding articular cartilage |
| ankylosis | fusing of bone |
| gouty arthritis | disease in which uric acid accumulates in the blood and deposites in the soft tissues of joints |
| osteoporosis | bone-thinning disease, making bones fragile, especially the spine and neck of the femur |
| frontal bone | forms the forehead |
| parietal bone | pair of bones forming most of the superior and lateral walls of the cranium |
| temporal bones | pair of bones above the ear; join occipital and sphenoid bones |
| occipital bone | forms the floor and back wall of the skull |
| sphenoid bone | spans the width of the skull and forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity |
| ethmoid bone | forms the roof of the nasal cavity and part of the medial walls of the orbits |
| maxillary bones | two maxillae that fuse to form the upper jaw |
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