Anatomy
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| nose | nas/o
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| nose (primary function) | exchanges air during inhaling & exhaling; warms, moisturizes & filters inhaled air
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| sinuses | sinus/o
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| sinuses (primary function) | produce mucus for the nasal cavities, make bones of the skull lighter, aid in sound production
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| pharynx | pharyng/o
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| pharynx (primary function) | transports air back & forth between the nose & the trachea
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| larynx | laryng/o
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| larynx (primary function) | makes speech possible
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| epiglottis | epiglott/o
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| epiglottis (primary function) | closes off the trachea during swallowing
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| trachea | trache/o
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| trachea (primary function) | transports air back & forth between the pharynx & the bronchi
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| bronchi | bronch/o, bronchi/o
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| bronchi (primary function) | transports air from the trachea into the lungs
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| alveoli | alveol/o
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| alveoli (primary function) | air sacs that exchange gases with the pulmonary capillary blood
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| lungs | pneum/o, pneumon/o, pulmon/o
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| lungs (primary function) | bring oxygen into the body & remove carbon dioxide & some water waste from the body
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| Functions of the Respiratory System: | bring oxygen from the inhaled air into the blood for delivery to the body cells; expel waste products returned to the lungs by the blood; produce the airflow through the larynx that makes speech possible
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| upper respiratory tract | consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx & trachea
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| lower respiratory tract | consists of the bronchial tree & lungs; protected by the thoracic cavity
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| How does air enter the body? | through the nose & passes through the nasal cavity
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| nasal septum | is a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into 2 equal sections
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| septum | is a wall that separates 2 chambers
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| cilia | the thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris
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| mucous membranes | are the specialized tissues that line the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, & urinary systems
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| mucus | secreted by the mucous membranes; protects & lubricates these tissues; helps to moisten, warm & filter the air as it enters
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| olfactory receptors | are nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell
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| paranasals sinuses | air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane; located in the bones of the skull
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| para | near
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| nas | nose
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| -al | pertaining to
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| What are the functions of the sinuses? | to make the bones of the skull lighter; to help produce sound by giving resonance to the voice; to produce mucus to provide lubrication for the tissues of the nasal cavity
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| frontal sinuses | are located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows
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| sphenoid sinuses | are located in the sphenoid bones; are close to the optic nerves
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| maxillary sinuses | are the largest of the paranasal sinuses; are located in the maxillary bones
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| ethmoid sinuses | are located in the ethmoid bones; are irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from the orbital cavity by only a thin layer of bone
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| pharynx | AKA throat
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| nasopharynx | is the first division; is posterior to the nasal cavity & continues downward to behind the mouth; is used only for our respiratory system; transports only air
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| nas/o | nose
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| -pharynx | throat
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| orophyarynx | is the second division; the portion that is visible when looking into the mouth; shared by the respiratory & digestive systems & transports air, food & fluids downward to the laryngopharynx
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| or/o | mouth
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| laryngopharynx | is the third division; shared by both the respiratory & digestive systems
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| larynx | AKA voice box; triangular; located between the pharynx & the trachea
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| thyroid cartilage | protects larynx; largest; AKA the Adam's apple
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| How does air pass through the vocal cords? | during breathing, they are separated to let air pass; during speech, they close together
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| protective swallowing | during swallowing, the soft palate, which is the muscular posterior portion of the roof of the mouth, moves up & backward to close off the nasopharynx; it prevents food or liquid from going into the nose
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| epiglottis | is a lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue
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| trachea | AKA windpipe; the tube located directly in front of the esophagus that extends from the neck to the chest; made up of C-shaped cartilage; flexible walls inbetween to make movement possible
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| bronchial tree | AKA bronchi
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| bronchi | formed where the trachea divides into 2 branches known as the primary bronchi
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| bronchioles | smalles branches of the bronchi
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| bronchial tree | looks like an upside down tree; 1 branch going into each lung
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| alveoli | AKA air sacs; very small grape-like clusters found at the end of each bronchiole; contain millions of alveoli that are filled with air from the bronchioles
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| What surrounds the alveoli? | a network of microscopic pulmonary capillaries; during respiration, the exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide between the alveolar air & the pulmonary capillary blood occurs through the walls of the alveoli
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| lungs | the organs of respiration
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| right lung | has 3 lobes: the superior, middle & inferior
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| left lung | has only 2 lobes: the superior & inferior
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| mediastinum | is the cavity located between the lungs
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| pleura | is a thin, moist & slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the rib cage
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| parietal pleura | is the outer layer of the pleura that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, covers the diaphragm & forms the sac containing each lung
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| visceral pleura | is the inner layer of pleura that surrounds each lung
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| pleural cavity | AKA the pleural space, is the airtight area between the layers of the pleural membranes. This space contains a thin layer of fluid that allows the membranes to slide easily during breathing
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| diaphragm | is the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen
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| respiration | is the exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide that is essential to life
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| A single respiration consists of: | one inhalation & one exhalation
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| inhalation | is the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts & pulls downward. This action causes the thoracic cavity to expand. This produces a vacuum within the thoracic cavity that draws air into the lungs
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| exhalation | is the act of breathing out. As the diaphragm relaxes, it moves upward, causing the thoracic cavity to become narrower. This action forces air out of the lungs
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| external respiration | is the act of bringing air into & out of the lungs & exchanging gases from this air
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| As air is inhaled into the alveoli, | oxygen immediately passes into the surrounding capillaries & is carried by the erythrocytes to all body cells.
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| At the same time, the waste product carbon dioxide that has passed into the bloodstream is: | transported into the airspaces of the lungs to be exhaled
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| internal respiration | is the exchange of gases within the cells of the body organs, cells & tissues
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| In this process: | oxygen passes from the bloodstream into the cells, the cells give off the waste product carbon dioxide & this passes into the bloodstream, the bloodstream transports carbon dioxide to the lungs where it is expelled during exhalation
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Created by:
Karebear
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