Peripheral Nervous System for A&P
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Mechanoreceptors | stimulus = mechanical force, mechanism = deforms cell membrane (cutaneous touch/pressure receptors)
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| Chemoreceptors | stimulus = dissolved chemicals, mechanism = affects ionic permeability (smell, taste, osmoreceptors)
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| Photoreceptors | stimulus = light, mechanism = photochemical reaction (rods and cones)
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| Nociereceptors | stimulus = tissue damage, mechanism = chemical release (cutaneuous pain receptors)
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| Unencapsulated free dendritic nerve endings | almost all body tissues; most in epithelial and connective tissue for pain, temp, pressure
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| Encapsulated dendritic nerve endings | sensory nerve endings enclosed within connective tissue capsule, mechanoreceptors
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| Meissener's corpuslces | sensitive to light pressure and discriminiative touch, found in dermal papillae of hairless skin (fingertips, palms)
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| Krause's end bulbs | like Meissen's found in connective tissue of mucosae near body orfrices (mouth, eyes)
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| Pacinian corpuscles | fast adapating mechanorecptors respond to deep pressure/stretch, found in subcutaneous tissue skin; tendons; ligaments
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| Ruffini's corpuscles | slow adapting,deep presure/stretch, found in dermis, hypodermis, joint capsule helps cerebellum adjust for balance
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| Muscle spindle fibers | respond to sudden changes in length (communicates with spinal cord)
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| Golgi tendon organs | respond to changes in tension, causes muscle to relax after contraction
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| joint kinesthetic receptors | monitor stretch in articular capsule enclosing joints, includes ruffini's, pacinian, and free dendritic endings
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| Endoneurium | thin connectie tissue layer over each axon
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| Perineurium | denser connective tissue bundles nerves into fasciles
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| Epineurium | outer conective tissue, encloses all fasiciculi bundles to form nerve
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| Mixed nerves | most nerves are mixed both afferent and efferent nerves
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| PNS nerve classification | somatic afferent/efferent, visceral afferent/efferent, and cranial/spinal
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| Spinal nerves | 31 pairs, all mixed (ventral and dorsal roots)
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| Cervical spinal nerves | C1-C8 (C8 emerges inferior to vertebrae C7)
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| Thoracic spinal nerves | 12 from T1-T12
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| Lumbar spinal nerves | 5 from L1-L5
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| Sacral | 5 from S1-S5
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| Cocygeal | 1 pair
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| Spinal nerve proper | ventral root (motor) and dorsal root (sensory) fuse
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| ventral ramus | on anterior portion, motor and sensory needs of muscles on extremities/thoracic and abdominal walls found in intercostal groove of rib
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| dorsal ramus | posterior side, smaller; serves skin and musculature of posterio rbody trunk
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| meningeal branch | re-enters spinal cord to innervate the meninges and blood vessels
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| Dermatome | area of body served by one common sensory nerve (test this first)
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| Myotome | group of muscles served by one common motor nerve (test this second)
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| Spinal Reflexes | involuntary somatic reflexes like the knee jerk. Reflexes by spinal cord, remain even with cortical brain damage but not if cord is transected
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| Stretch/Deep tendon reflexes | Muscle spindle fibers cause contraction in response to rapid increase in length
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| Flexor reflex | Ispilateral (same side of body), withdraw body part from perceived or real threat
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| Crossed extensor reflex | withdrawl on threatened side and extend on opposite (contralateral) side
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Created by:
mmason
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