Anatomy Vocab Ch 3 Marieb
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| cells | made up of four elements, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen. building block of all life
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| nucleus | inner core of the cell
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| microvilli | projections on the cell surface that increase the size for quick absorption
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| cytoplasm | the cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane, the site of most cellular activity
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| cytosol | largely water, is the fluid that holds the organelles in the cytosplasm; transports materials around the cell
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| inclusions | chemical substances that are determined by the specific cell type
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| lysosomes | contain powerful digestive enzymes, digest worn-out or nonusable cell structures and foreign substances that enter the cell
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| peroxisomes | detoxify harmful or poisonous stubstances, including alcohol and formaldehyde, disarm dangerous free radicals
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| free radicals | highly reactive chemicals that can scramble the structure of proteins and nucleic acids
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| golgi apparatus | sacs close to the cell nucleus that direct cellular proteins; packaging of proteins for export from the cell
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| centrioles | generate microtubules and direct formation of the miotic spindle
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| microtubules | determine the overall shape of a cell and distribution of organelles
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| cytoskeleton | network of protein structures acting as cell bones and muscles, internal framework that determines cell shape
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| plasma membrane | fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and protects from the environment
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| chromatin | DNA and protein that is scattered throughout the nucleus
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| chromosomes | rodlike bodies fromed from chomatin, passed on during reproduction
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| generalized cell | the basic parts common to all cells
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| nucleoli | sites where ribosomes are assembled
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| organelle | specialized to carry out a specific function for the cell as a whole; little organ
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| mitochondria | sausage shaped organelles, major site of ATP synthesis, providing energy for all cellular activity
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| ribosomes | site of protein synthesis in the cell, manufacture proteins
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| endoplasmic reticulum | system of fluid-filled canals that coil and twist thru the cytoplasm, about half of a cells membranes. carry proteins from one part of the cell to another. rough is studded with ribosomes, smooth is not.
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| flagella | a cell that propels itself, as in the sperm cell
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| cilia | whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface
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| microfilaments | involved in cell motility and in producing changes in cell shape
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| fibroblast cell | has rough ER and a large golgi apparatus; connect body parts
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| erythrocyte cell | carries oxygen in the bloodstream (red blood cells)
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| epithelial cell | packed in sheets, resists tearing when the epithelium is rubbed or pulled
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| skeletal and smooth muscle cells | elongated and filled with contractile filaments; can shorten and move the bones or change the size of internal organs
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| fat cell | produced by a large lipid droplet in cytoplasm
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| macrophage (or phagocyte) | crawls through tissue to reach infection sites; lysosomes within the cell digest the infectious microorganisms
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| nerve cell | receive messages and transmit to other structures in the body
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| oocyte | the largest cell in the body, the egg cell, when fertilized becomes an embryo
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| sperm | a flagella, cell is long and streamlined, built for swimming to the egg for fertilization
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| interstitial fluid | continuously bathes the exterior of the cells
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| diffusion | process by which molecules and ions move away from a region where they are more concentrated
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| osmosis | diffusion of water through a membrane
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| filtration | process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrance by fluid or pressure
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| exocytosis | moves substances out of the cell
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| endocytosis | moves substances into the cell
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| gland | one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product
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| endocrine gland | ductless gland, secretes hormones
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| exocrine gland | secretes through the duct to the epithelial surface
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| phagocytosis | the process of cell eating; white blood cells are phagocytes; scavenger cells that target and disgest bacteria and other foreign debris
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| pinocytosis | process of cell gulping droplets of extracellular fluids containing dissolved proteins or fats
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| passive process | is the substance soluble in the lipid portion of the membranne
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| cytokinesis | division of cytoplasm
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| mitosis | formation of two nuclei with the same genes; DNA replication precendes mitosis; four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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| RNA | 3 forms play a role in protein synthesis; transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA
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| epithelial tissue | the lining, covering, glandular tissue of the body
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| apical surface | exposed to the body's exterior or to cavity of interal organs
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| basement membrane | lowest surface of the epithelium, structureless material secreted by epithelial cells and connective tissue
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| simple epithelium | one layer of moving cells
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| stratified epithelium | more than one cell layer
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| simple squamous epithelium | single layer of this squamous cells resting on basement membrane
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| simple cuboidal epithelium | one layer of cuboidal cells resting on basement membrane, common in glands
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| simple columnar epithelium | single layer of tall cells that fit closely together; goblet cells are common in this layer
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| pseudostratified columnar epithelium | some cells are shorter than others and nuclei appear at differnt heights, gives false impression that it is stratified
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| stratified squamous epithelium | most common, consists of several layers of cells; found in sites of abuse or friction
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| stratified cuboidal and stratified columnar | fairly rare in the body, found mainly in the ducts of large glands
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| transitional epithelium | highly modified, statified squamous epithelium, form lining of a few organs; have the ability to slide past one another and change their shape
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| connective tissue | protect, support and bind together other body tissues
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| bone | osseous tissue composed of bone cells sitting in cavities called lacunae, containing calcium and collagen fibers
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| cartilage | flexible, found in a few places in the body
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| hyaline cartilage | has abundant collagen fibers hidden by a rubbery matrix with glassy appearance; by the time baby is born, most of this cartilage is replaced by bone
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| fibrocartilage | cushionlike disks between vertebrae of the spine
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| elastic cartilage | found where structure with elasticity is desired
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| dense connective tissue | collegen fibers are its main matrix element; tendons, ligaments
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| loose connective tissue | softer and have more cells and fewer fibers than any connective tissue type except blood
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| aerolar tissue | most widely distributed connective tissue, cushions and protects the body organs
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| adipose tissue | fat, sometimes called signet ring cells because of the way the tissue looks; forms the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin, insulating the skin
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| reticular connective tissue | interwoven fibers forming the stroma or internal framework, supporting many free blood cells in lymphoid organs
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| vascular tissue | blood; considered connective tissue because is consists of blood cells surrounded by nonliving fluid matrix of blood plasma
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| skeletal muscle | packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs, are attached to the skeleton
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| smooth (visceral) muscle | no striations are visible; individual cells are single nucleus and spindle-shaped; found in walls of hollow organs; contract more slowly than other two muscle types
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| cardiac muscle | only in the heart; contracts the heart and propels blood through the vessels
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| nervous tissue | neurons receiving and conducting eletrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another
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| regeneration | tissue repair by replacement of destroyed tissue by the same type of cell
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| fibrosis | tissue repair by dense connective tissue that forms scar tissue
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| granulation tissue | delicate pink tissue composed largely of new capillaries that grow into the damaged area from undamaged blood vessels
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| neoplasm | new growth, abnormal mass of cells
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| neoplasia | abnormal cell mass that grows without control
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| atrophy | decrease in size due to unuse
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| active process | whether the proper carrier proteins are present in the membrane and in what amount
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| hyperplasia | enlargement of body tissues or organs due to an increase in cell number
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| dysplasia | abnormal development of tissue or organs
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| ciliated epithelium | found in the respiratory system, prevents debris from entering the passageways; also in reproductive where it acts to move sex cells long the duct passageways
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| functional abilities | able to metabolize, divide, grow, respond to stimuli, digest nutrients, move and excrete wastes
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