Ch 3 Vocab Terms
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| Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer who commanded first ships to sail from Europe to India
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| St. Francis Xavier | Roman Catholic missionary to India who co-founded the Society of Jesus
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| Conquistadores | Spanish soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who conquered much of central and south America. (means "conquerer" in spanish)
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| Pizarro | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan empire and founded the city of Lima, Peru
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| Cartier | French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and claimed it for France
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| Manila Galleons | Spanish trading ships that sailed across the Pacific Ocean from the Philippines to Mexico to trade.
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| Price Revolution | Across Western Europe, the high rate of inflation during the 15th-17th centuries (prices raised x6 over 150 years)
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| Fuggers | German family of bankers who replaced the Medici family
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| Putting Out System | process where nobles take wool to tenants, the women then comb and spin the wool into yarn, then the men weave the yarn into cloth so that the nobles could sell it
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| Cottage industry | an industry that can be run from a household by the family members using their own equipment
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| Usury | an unlawful interest rate on lended money
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| Mercantilism | an economic system that increases a nation's wealth by government regulation of commercial interests
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| Guild | workers union of today; an association of craftsmen in a particular trade
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| East India Company | English company founded in 1600 to trade with new British colonies in India
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| Tariff | tax on imported and exported goods
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| Small Freeholders | landowner class between the landed gentry and rural poor
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| Bourgeois | upper class/property-owning class
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| English Poor Law | system of poor relief in England that developed out of old Tudor laws
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| Hidalgos | members of Spanish nobility
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| Esquires | an attendant and shield bearer of a knight (have high social status)
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| Junkers | members of the Prussian aristocracy
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| Robot | forced labor
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| Hereditary Subjection | generation after generation bound to their lord and the land
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| Philip II | father of Alexander the Great, husband of Mary I, supported Counter Reformation, sent Spanish Armada to invade England
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| Cervantes | wrote "Don Quixote"
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| Elizabeth I | Queen of England from 1558-1603, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, restored Protestantism to England, defeated the Spanish Armada, considered one of the most successful rulers of all time
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| Duke of Alva | Spanish general and governer of the Spanish Netherlands; known for his harsh rule and cruelty
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| Battle of Lepanto | Lepanto was a Turkish sea port destroyed in 1571 by the Holy League organized by the pope
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| Stadtholder | a medieval function that turned into the hereditary chief-of-state of the Dutch Republic in the 18th century
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| Sea Dogs | English adventurers/pirates during Elizabeth I's reign
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| William of Orange | Politique who was catholic until marriage to Anne of Saxony (Lutheran), led resistance against Spain and eventually succeeded in keeping them out of Netherlands and conquering them
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| Antwerp | center of the diamond industry; busy port in norhtern Belgium
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| Armada Catolica | Great Armada, Spanish fleet that tried to overthrow Elizabeth I
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| Magellan | Fisrt to circumnavigate the globe
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| Peace of Westphalia | treaties that ended the Thirty Years War
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| Defenestration of Prague | throwing of Habsburgs out the window; start of the Thirty Years War
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| Moriscos | Muslim Catholics living in Spain and Portugal
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| Henry IV | King of France from 1589-1610, leader of Huguenots, founded Bourbon dynasty, established religous freedom, very good politique
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| Council of Trent | Roman Catholic Church meets to examine Protestant teachings and condemn them, and to refine the Roman Catholic church to strengthen the papacy
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| Catherine de' Medici | Queen of France who ordered what became the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
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| Politique | puts secular matters over religious ones
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| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | massacre of French Protestants in 1572, Catherine de' Medici ordered the death of them
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| Edict of Nantes | (1598)-issued by Henry IV giving rights to Protestants
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| Absolutism | form of government in which sovereignty is the king or queen who believe in the Divine Right of Kings
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| Cardinal Richelieu | chief minister to Louis XIII, helped strengthen royal authority by crushing aristocratic conspiracies, banned all fighting
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| Gustavus Adolphus | king of Sweden whos victories made Sweden very powerful and he got involved on the Protestant side of the Thirty Years War in 1630 (was killed in the Battle of Lutzen)
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