AP Euro- Ch. 3 Vocab
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| Vasco de Gama | Portuguese explorer, first to sail from Europe to India
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| St. Francis Xavier | Spanish missionary who co-founded the Jesuits; considered to have converted the most people since St. Paul.
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| Conquistadors | Spanish soldiers who conquered parts of America and Pacific Asia to bring them under Spanish rule.
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| Pizzaro | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas and founded Lima
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| Cartier | the first who described and mapped the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River which he named Canada
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| Manila Galleons | Spanish trading ships that sailed once or twice per year across the Pacific Ocean between Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco, Mexico.
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| Price Revolution | the high rate of inflation that characterized the period across Western Europe; caused by the large influx of gold and silver from the New World.
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| Fuggers | family of bankers in Europe; members of the mercantile patriciate of Augsburg, international mercantile bankers, and venture capitalists.
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| Putting Out System | work was contracted by a central agent to subcontractors who usually completed the work in their own home.
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| Cottage Industry | An industry where the creation of products and services is home-based, rather than factory-based; the disadvantage was that the products were different
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| Usury | was the excessive charging of interest on loans
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| Mercantilism | the wealth of a country is based on the amount of precious metals it has; making the country need to increase foreign trade
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| Guild | a group of workers who shared the same interests come together for mutual aid and protection and to maintain craft standards.
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| East India Company | a company that conducted trade with Britain and the East Indies
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| Tariff | a tax on important and/or exported goods.
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| Bourgeoisie | the upper class
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| Hidalgos | a title for a noble
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| Esquires | men from the lower class
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| Junkers | German nobility
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| Robot | Leonardo Da Vinci made one of the first designs for a robot.
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| Cervantes | Spanish writer who wrote plays, novels, and poems, including his novel Don Quixote.
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| Elizabeth I | a Protestant Queen and a politique.
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| Duke of Alva /Alba | a Spanish general and governor who was known for being cruel.
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| Battle of Lepanto | the battle where the Holy League defeated the main fleet of the Ottomans
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| Stadtholder | the substitutes for the feudal lords when they were absent
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| William of Orange | won the English, Scottish, and Irish crowns; also a Protestant
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| Antwerp | the center of the entire international economy
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| Magellan | Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition around the world
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| Peace of Westphalia | Treaty that ended the Thirty Years War
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| Moriscos | a Spanish Moor
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| Henry IV | Holy Roman Emperor and German King; excommunicated twice; dethroned by his sons
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| Council of Trent | Council called together to reform the Catholic doctrine and church
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| Catherine de’Medici | Regent for her son King Charles IX because he was too young to rule as King of France
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| Politique | A person who cared more about politics than religion; indifferent towards religion
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| Edict of Nantes | the law granting religious and civil liberties to the French Protestants
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| Absolutism | The belief that one ruler should have all of the power
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| Cardinal Richelieu | Considered the first prime minister; king’s prime minister; regent of France for the nine-year old King Louis
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| Gustavus Adolphus | Swedish king; founder of the Swedish Empire; called the “Golden King” because he was an example of the perfect king
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| Small Freeholders | a person The Court thought was responsible
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| English Poor Law | a system of poor relief
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| Hereditary Subjection | being forced to work
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| Philip II | ruled one of the world's largest empires which included territories in every continent in Europe.
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| Armada Catolica | the Spanish fleet that sailed against England
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| Defenestration of Prague | An event where several people were thrown out the window; the first time happened at the town hall and the second at the Prague castle
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| St. Bartholomew's Day massacre | An event started by Catherine de Medici; killed 3,000 French Protestants
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