nervous system ch8
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| what are the functions of the nervous system?. | 1.regulate functioning of tissues, organs, &organ systems. 2. detect changes &feel sensations. 3.organize info for immediate use &store for future use.
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| what are the divisions of the nervous system?. | central nervous system. peripheral nervous system: contains autonomic nervous system.
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| cns consists of what?. | brain &spinal cord.
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| pns consists of what?. | crainial nerves &spinal nerves.
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| describe neuron cell body. | has a nucleus. located in cns or trunk. protected by bone. has one axon &dendrite.
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| axon does what?. | carries impulses away from cell body.
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| dendrite does what?. | carry impulses toward cell body.
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| schwann cells in pns form what?. | myelin sheath.
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| oligodendrocytes in cns form what?. | myelin sheath. phagocytize pathogens and help form blood brain barrier.
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| what is a synapse. | space between axon of one neuron &dendrites or cell body.
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| what do neurotransmitters do?. | carry impulses across synapse.
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| what do sensory neurons do?. | (afferent) carry impulses from receptors to cns via different pathways or neurons. can come from internal organs- visceral sensory neurons.
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| what do motor neurons do?. | (efferent) carry impulses from cns to effectors. can come from smooth muscles or glands-visceral motor neurons. can also come from skeletal muscles-somatic motor neurons.
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| what do interneurons do?. | wholly within cns. intercept impulse bnefore gets to the brain, for quicker reaction.
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| what are the functions of the spinal cord?. | 1.transmit impulses to and from brain. 2.integrate the spinal cord reflexes.
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| where is the spinal cord?. | in the vertebral canal from foramen magnum to disc between 1st &2nd lumbar vertebrae.
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| what is the cross section?. | internal gray matter. H shaped.
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| what do ascending tracts do?. | carry impulses to brain.
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| what is in the central canal?. | cerebrospinal fluid continued from brain ventricles.
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| define dorsal root ganglion. | cell bodies of sensory neurons. spinal root.
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| ventral or motor root goes in what direction?. | out. spinal root.
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| how many cervical pairs of spinal roots are there?. | eight; goes to head, neck, shoulder, arm, &diaphragm.
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| how many thoracic pairs of spinal roots are there?. | twelve; to trunk.
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| how many lumbar&sacral pairs of spinal roots are there?. | five lumbar &five sacral; to hip, pelvic cavity,&leg. one small coccygeal pair.
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| define cauda equina. | lumbar &sacral nerves extending below end of spinal cord.
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| where is the major peripheral nerve phrenic?. | diaphragm.
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| where is the major peripheral nerve radial?. | skin &muscles of posterior arm, forearm &hand, thumb &1st two fingers.
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| where is the major peripheral nerve median?. | skin &muscles of anterior arm, forearm, hand.
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| where is the major peripheral nerve ulnar?. | skin &muscles of medial arm, forearm, hand; little finger &ring finger.
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| where is the major peripheral nerve intercostal?. | intercostal muscles (ribs), abdominal muscles; skin of trunk.
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| where is the major peripheral nerve femoral?. | skin &muscles of anterior thigh, medial leg, &foot.
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| where is the major peripheral nerve sciatic?. | skin &muscles of posterior thigh, leg &foot.
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| pathway of nerve impulses during a reflex. | 1.receptors. 2.sensory neurons. 3.cns with one or more synapses. 4.motor neurons. 5.effector processing.
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| define ventricles. | four cavities that form verebrospinal fluid; can enlarge with swelling.
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| functions of the medulla. | regulates heart rate, breathing, &bp; aso coughing, vomiting, sneezing, swallowing. (medulla &pons are at the top of spinal cord)
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| function of pons. | respiratory centers work with medulla for changes in breathing.
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| the midbrain contains the centers for what?. | visual, auditory, &righting (equilibrium) reflexes. connects left &right brain.
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| funcitons of the cerebellum. | regulates coordination, also muscle tone &equilbrium, texture &weight sensations.
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| function of hypothalamus. | produces adh for kidney reabsorption of water. produces oxytocin for labor. regulates body temp. food intake. &ans function. biological clock. emotional responses. ghrh. regulates the secretion of anterior &posterior pituitary gland.
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| function of the thalamus. | groups sensory impulses before relaying to cerebrum. contributes to alertness, awareness &memory. involves all senses but smell.
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| function of cerebrum. | largest part of the brain. two hemipsheres that communicate via the corpus callosum. cerebral cortex has gray matter. white matter is nerve tracts.
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| lobes in the cerebrum. | frontal lobe:movement &skills. parietal lobe:skin sensation &muscle sense, taste. temporal lobe:hearing &smell. occipital lobe:vision, relationships. association areas:in all lobes, abstract thinking, reasoning, learning, memory, personality.
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| define neural plasticity. | ability of brain to adapt to changing needs.
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| define hippocampus. | collect info from many areasof verebral cortex &help remember names &events.
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| define basil ganglia. | gray matter in cerebral hemispheres. voluntary movement, muscle tone, coordination.
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| define corpus callosum. | communicative connection between the 2hemispheres of cerebrum.
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| cerebrospinal fluid function. | nourishes cns, removes waste products, &acts as a shock absorber. constantly formed in subarachnoid space by choroid plexuses from blood plasma.
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| three layers of meninges connective tissue. | dura mater: outer. arachnoid membrane: middle. pia mater: inner.
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| function of cranial nerve olfactory. | smell.
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| function of cranial nerve optic. | sight.
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| function of cranial nerve oculomotor. | eyeball movement. pupil constriction.
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| function of cranial nerve trochlear. | eyeball movement.
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| function of cranial nerve trigeminal. | feeling in face, scalp &teeth. muscle contraction chewing.
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| function of cranial nerve abducens. | also eyeball movement.
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| function of cranial nerve facial. | taste. facial muscle contraction. saliva secretion.
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| function of cranial nerve acoustic (vestibulocochlear). | hearing, equilibrium.
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| function of cranial nerve glossopharyngeal. | taste. cardiac senses, respiratory &bp reflexes. pharynx contraction.
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| function of cranial nerve vagus. | longest of all cranial nerves. cardiac senses. respiratory &bp reflexes. speaking.
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| function of crainal nerve accessory. | neck &shoulder muscles. speaking.
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| function of crainal nerve hypoglossal. | tounge movement.
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