Directional Terms
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| superior | above or on top of | the nose is superior to the mouth
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| inferior | below | feet are inferior to knees
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| cephalic / cephalad | towards the head | the head is cephalic to the shoulders
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| caudal / caudad | toward the tail | the hips are caudal to the shoulders
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| anterior | toward the front or before | the sternum is anterior to the vertebrae
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| posterior | toward the back or behind | the calf muscles are posterior to the shin
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| ventral | refers to the belly; another way of saying anterior | the belly button is on the ventral surface of the trunk
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| dorsal | refers to back; another way of saying posterior | the gluteal muscles are on the dorsal side of the body
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| proximal | closer to the attachment point | the shoulder is proximal to the elbow
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| distal | aways from the attachment point | the foot is distal to the knee
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| medial | toward the midline of the body or organ | the inner leg bone is on the medial side of the leg
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| lateral | away from the midline of the body or organ | the ears are lateral to the nose
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| frontal plane | vertical field passing through the body, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions | abduction and adduction occur in the frontal plane
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| coronal plane | alternate reference to the frontal plane, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions | abduction and adduction occur in the coronal plane
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| sagittal plane | vertical field running through the body, dividing the body into right and left sides. | flexion and extension occur in the sagittal plane
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| transverse plane | horizontal field dividing the body into superior and inferior portions | head rotation, external, and internal rotation occur in the transverse plane
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| Fowler's position | positioning of a client in bed with head elevated | when eating in bed, a client is most often comfortable in a Fowler's position
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| Trendelenberg position | positioning of a client in supine with feet elevated above the head | with excess blood loss or shock, a client should be positioned in a Trendelenberg position
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| orthopneic position | positioning of a client leaning or resting with head and shoulders forward | when having difficulty catching his breath, a client should sit in an orthopneic position
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| Sims' position | side-lying position with both hips/knees bent, with the top hip bent more, often supported with pillows | when pregnant, a woman may feel most comfortable sleeping in a Sims' position
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| supine | on the back | snoring may increase when sleeping in supine
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| prone | on the belly | newborns should not be left alone in a prone position
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| erect | standing upright |
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| sidelying | positioning of a client on his or her side |
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| flexing | bending at a joint |
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| extension | straightening at a joint |
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| abduction | moving away from the center of the body |
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| adduction | moving toward the center of the body |
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| supination | moving upward or anteriorly | holding a bowl of soup
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| pronation | moving downward or posteriorly | dropping a bowl of soup
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| rotation | rolling a part on its axis | looking side to side requires this movement
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| external rotation | rotation away from the body's midline |
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| internal rotation | rotation towards the body's midline |
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| eversion | movement of the sole of the foot away from midline; also known as pronation |
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| inversion | movement of the sole of the foot towards midline; also known as supination |
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| dorsiflexion | flexing toes up towards the shin |
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| plantarflexion | pointing toes |
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