Anatomy Vocab Ch 1 Marieb
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| 5 stages of mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
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| cytokinesis | division of cytoplasm
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| mitosis | nuclear division
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| interphase | the longer period when the cell grows and carries out its usual activities
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| cell division | the cell reproduces itself by dividing
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| cytosol | the fluid part of the cytoplasm
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| organelles | small organs, the metabolic machinery of the cell
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| inclusions | not part of the active metabolic machinery of the cell
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| ribosomes | tiny spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein; seen floating free or attached to membrane structure; site of protein synthesis
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| endoplasmic reticulum | membranous system of tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm
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| golgi apparatus | stack of flattened sacs with swollen ends and associated small vesicles, found close to the nucleus
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| lysosomes | various sized membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes; act to digest worn out cell organelles; can totally destroy the cell if they rupture
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| peroxisomes | small lysome-like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and other harmful chemicals
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| mitochondria | rod-shaped bodies with double membrane wall;often referred to as the "powerhouse of the cell"
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| centrioles | paired cylidrical bodies lie at right angles to each other, close to the nucleous, form the bases of cilia and flagella
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| cytoskeletal elements | provide cellular support; function in intracellular transport
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| plasma membrane | separates cell contents from the surrounding environment
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| cell regions | nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm
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| chromatin | what react to create a chromosome
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| chromosomes | dark staining rod-like bodies
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| nuclear membrane | a double layered porous membrane has large nuclear ports, permitting large molecules like protein and RNA molecules to pass easily
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| diaphragm | separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
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| tissues | groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
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| organs | contain several representatives of the primary tissues and the arrangement of these tissues determines the organ's structure and function
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| epithelial | covers surfaces
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| basement membrane | a material secreted collectively by the epithelial cells and the connective tissue cells
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| epithelial cells named based on shape | squamous (scalelike), cubodial (cubelike) and columnar (column shaped)
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| transitional epithelium | rounded or plump cells with the ability to slide over one another
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| pseudostratified epithelium | simple columnar epithelium whose cells extend varied distances
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| anatomy | the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another
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| physiology | the study of how the body and its parts work or function
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| homeostasis | the body's ability to maintain a stable internal balance tho the outside is changing
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| atoms | the building blocks of life
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| cells | the smallest units of all living things
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| organ | a structure composed of two or more tissue types
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| organ system | a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
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| organism | organ systems makeup the living body or organism, the highest level of structural organization
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| necessary life functions | maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
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| receptor | a sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment
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| control center | determines the set point at which a variable is to be maintained
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| effector | provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus
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| matter | stuff of the universe
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| energy | can be measured only by its effects on matter
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| elements | what all matter is composed of
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| protons | have a positive charge
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| neutrons | have a neutral charge
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| electrons | bear a negative charge equal in strength to the positive charge of the protons, is usually designated as 1
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| atomic number | the given number of each element, that is equal to the number of protons its atoms contain
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| atomic mass | the sum of the masses of all the protons and neutrons contained in its nucleus
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| radioactivity | spontaneous atomic decay
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| isotopes | have the same atomic number but have different atomic masses
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| electron shells or energy level | the fixed region of space around a nucleus
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| valence shell | electrons that are important when considering bonding behavior
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| compound | when two or more different atoms bind together to form a molecule
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| molecule | when two or more atoms combine chemically
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| nucleic acids | makeup the genes, which provide the basic blueprint of life
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| nucleoli | a small dark-staining round body, where ribosomes are assembled
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| nucleus | the headquarters or control center of the cell
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| cytoplasm | the cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
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| microvilli | fingerlike, tiny projections that increase the cells surface area
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| cells that connect body parts | fibroblast, erythrocyte
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| cell that covers and lines body organs | epithelial cell
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| cells that move organs and body parts | skeletal muscle and smooth muscle cells
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| cell that store nutrients | fat cell
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| cell that fights disease | macrophage (a phagocytic cell)
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| cell that gathers information and controls body functions | nerve cells
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| cells of reproduction | oocyte (female) sperm (male)
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| diffusion | process in which molecules and ions move away from a region where they are more concentrated to a region where they are less concentrated
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| osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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| filtration | process in which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure
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| exocytosis | moves substances out of cells
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| endocytosis | into the cell
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| phagocytosis | cell eating
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| pinocytosis | cell drinking
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| enzymes | regulate chemical reactions in cells
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| sagittal section | cut along the lengthwise or longitudinal plane of the body, dividing into right and left
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| median (midsagittal) section | cut is down the middle and the right and left parts are equal in size
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| frontal (coronal)section | cut along a lengthwise plant dividing the body or oran into anterior and posterior parts
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| transverse section (cross section) | cut along a horizontal plane dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts
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| superior (cranial) (cephalad) | toward the head end or upper part of a structure of the body; above
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| inferior (caudal) | away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body; below
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| ventral (anterior) | toward or at the front of the body; in front of
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| dorsal (posterior) | toward or at the backside of the body; behind
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| medial | toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
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| lateral | away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
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| proximal | close to the origin of the body part, or the point of attachement of a limb to the trunk
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| distal | farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachement to the trunk
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| superficial (external) | toward or at the body surface
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| deep (internal) | away from the body surface
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