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Anatomy Vocab Ch 1
Anatomy Vocab Ch 1 Marieb
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 5 stages of mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis |
| cytokinesis | division of cytoplasm |
| mitosis | nuclear division |
| interphase | the longer period when the cell grows and carries out its usual activities |
| cell division | the cell reproduces itself by dividing |
| cytosol | the fluid part of the cytoplasm |
| organelles | small organs, the metabolic machinery of the cell |
| inclusions | not part of the active metabolic machinery of the cell |
| ribosomes | tiny spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein; seen floating free or attached to membrane structure; site of protein synthesis |
| endoplasmic reticulum | membranous system of tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm |
| golgi apparatus | stack of flattened sacs with swollen ends and associated small vesicles, found close to the nucleus |
| lysosomes | various sized membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes; act to digest worn out cell organelles; can totally destroy the cell if they rupture |
| peroxisomes | small lysome-like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and other harmful chemicals |
| mitochondria | rod-shaped bodies with double membrane wall;often referred to as the "powerhouse of the cell" |
| centrioles | paired cylidrical bodies lie at right angles to each other, close to the nucleous, form the bases of cilia and flagella |
| cytoskeletal elements | provide cellular support; function in intracellular transport |
| plasma membrane | separates cell contents from the surrounding environment |
| cell regions | nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm |
| chromatin | what react to create a chromosome |
| chromosomes | dark staining rod-like bodies |
| nuclear membrane | a double layered porous membrane has large nuclear ports, permitting large molecules like protein and RNA molecules to pass easily |
| diaphragm | separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities |
| tissues | groups of cells that are similar in structure and function |
| organs | contain several representatives of the primary tissues and the arrangement of these tissues determines the organ's structure and function |
| epithelial | covers surfaces |
| basement membrane | a material secreted collectively by the epithelial cells and the connective tissue cells |
| epithelial cells named based on shape | squamous (scalelike), cubodial (cubelike) and columnar (column shaped) |
| transitional epithelium | rounded or plump cells with the ability to slide over one another |
| pseudostratified epithelium | simple columnar epithelium whose cells extend varied distances |
| anatomy | the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another |
| physiology | the study of how the body and its parts work or function |
| homeostasis | the body's ability to maintain a stable internal balance tho the outside is changing |
| atoms | the building blocks of life |
| cells | the smallest units of all living things |
| organ | a structure composed of two or more tissue types |
| organ system | a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose |
| organism | organ systems makeup the living body or organism, the highest level of structural organization |
| necessary life functions | maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth |
| receptor | a sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment |
| control center | determines the set point at which a variable is to be maintained |
| effector | provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus |
| matter | stuff of the universe |
| energy | can be measured only by its effects on matter |
| elements | what all matter is composed of |
| protons | have a positive charge |
| neutrons | have a neutral charge |
| electrons | bear a negative charge equal in strength to the positive charge of the protons, is usually designated as 1 |
| atomic number | the given number of each element, that is equal to the number of protons its atoms contain |
| atomic mass | the sum of the masses of all the protons and neutrons contained in its nucleus |
| radioactivity | spontaneous atomic decay |
| isotopes | have the same atomic number but have different atomic masses |
| electron shells or energy level | the fixed region of space around a nucleus |
| valence shell | electrons that are important when considering bonding behavior |
| compound | when two or more different atoms bind together to form a molecule |
| molecule | when two or more atoms combine chemically |
| nucleic acids | makeup the genes, which provide the basic blueprint of life |
| nucleoli | a small dark-staining round body, where ribosomes are assembled |
| nucleus | the headquarters or control center of the cell |
| cytoplasm | the cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane |
| microvilli | fingerlike, tiny projections that increase the cells surface area |
| cells that connect body parts | fibroblast, erythrocyte |
| cell that covers and lines body organs | epithelial cell |
| cells that move organs and body parts | skeletal muscle and smooth muscle cells |
| cell that store nutrients | fat cell |
| cell that fights disease | macrophage (a phagocytic cell) |
| cell that gathers information and controls body functions | nerve cells |
| cells of reproduction | oocyte (female) sperm (male) |
| diffusion | process in which molecules and ions move away from a region where they are more concentrated to a region where they are less concentrated |
| osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| filtration | process in which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure |
| exocytosis | moves substances out of cells |
| endocytosis | into the cell |
| phagocytosis | cell eating |
| pinocytosis | cell drinking |
| enzymes | regulate chemical reactions in cells |
| sagittal section | cut along the lengthwise or longitudinal plane of the body, dividing into right and left |
| median (midsagittal) section | cut is down the middle and the right and left parts are equal in size |
| frontal (coronal)section | cut along a lengthwise plant dividing the body or oran into anterior and posterior parts |
| transverse section (cross section) | cut along a horizontal plane dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts |
| superior (cranial) (cephalad) | toward the head end or upper part of a structure of the body; above |
| inferior (caudal) | away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body; below |
| ventral (anterior) | toward or at the front of the body; in front of |
| dorsal (posterior) | toward or at the backside of the body; behind |
| medial | toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of |
| lateral | away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of |
| proximal | close to the origin of the body part, or the point of attachement of a limb to the trunk |
| distal | farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachement to the trunk |
| superficial (external) | toward or at the body surface |
| deep (internal) | away from the body surface |
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