Bones of the skull, vertebrae, and ribs
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| Cranial fossae | - anterior, middle, and posterior
- compose the intracranial cavity
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| Coronal suture | - runs in the coronal plane
- located where parietal bones meet frontal bone
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| Squamous suture | - occurs where each temporal bone meets a parietal bone inferiorly
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| Sagittal suture | - occurs where right and left parietal bones meet superiorly
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| Lambdoid suture | - occurs where the parietal bone meet the occipital bone posteriorly
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| Sutural bones | - small bones that occur within sutures
- irregular in shape, size, location
- not all people have them
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| Supraorbital margin | - superior margin of the orbits
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| Glabella | - smooth part of the frontal bone between superciliary (eyebrow) arches
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| Occipital bone | - forms posterior portion of the cranium and cranial base
- articulates with temporal bones and parietal bones
- forms posterior cranial fossa
- foramen magnum located at its base
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| Frontal bone | - forms the forehead and roofs of orbits
- contributes to anterior cranial fossa
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| Occipital bone features | - occipital condyles
- hypoglossal foramen
- external occipital protuberance
- superior nuchal lines
- inferior nuchal line
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| Temporal bones | - lie inferior to parietal bones
- form the inferolateral part of skull
- contributes to the middle and posterior cranial fossa
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| Mastoid process | - site for neck muscle attachment
- contains air sinuses
- part of the temporal bone
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| Petrous region | - projects medially, contributes to cranial base
- appears as bony wedge b/w occipital bone posteriorly and sphenoid bone anteriorly
- houses cavity of middle and internal ear
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| Foramina of the temporal bone | - jugular foramen: at boundary with occipital bone
- carotid canal
- foramen lacerum
- internal acoustic meatus
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| Sphenoid bone | - spans width of cranial floor
- has 3 pairs of processes
- "keystone" of the cranium
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| Sella turcica | - saddle-shaped prominence in superior part of sphenoid bone
- contains the hypophyseal fossa, which holds the pituitary gland
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| Sphenoid bone processes | - Greater wings
- Lesser wings
- Pterygoid process
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| Sphenoid bone openings | - optic canal
- superior orbital fissure
- foramen rotundum
- foramen ovale
- foramen spinosum
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| Ethmoid bone | - lies between nasal and sphenoid bones
- forms most of the medial bony region between nasal cavity and orbits
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| Cribiform plate | - superior surface of the ethmoid bone
- contain olfactory foramina
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| Crista galli | - attachment for falx cerebri (large vertical sheet between cerebral hemispheres
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| Perpendicular plate | - forms superior part of nasal septum
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| Mandible | - largest and strongest facial bone
- 2 parts: horizontal body and two upright rami
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| Maxillary bones | - articulate with all facial bones except the mandible
- contain maxillary sinuses
- part of the interior orbital fissure
- "keystone" facial bones
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| Zygomatic bones | - form lateral wall of the orbits
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| Nasal bones | - form bridge of the nose
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| Lacrimal bones | - located in medial orbital walls
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| Palatine bones | - complete the posterior part of the hard palate
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| Vomer | - forms inferior part of the nasal septum
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| Inferior nasal conchae | - thin, curved bones that project medially & form lateral walls of nasal cavity
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| Paranasal sinuses | - air filled sinuses within frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones
- lined with mucous membrane
- lighten the skull
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| Orbit walls | - roof
- lateral wall
- medial wall
- floor
- formed by frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxillary, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid bones
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| Orbit wall openings | - superior orbital fissures
- inferior orbital fissures
- optic canals
- lacrimal fossa
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| Hyoid bone | - inferior to mandible in anterior neck
- acts as movable base for tongue
- not directly in contact with any other bone
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| Vertebral curvatures | - concave: cervical and lumbar - develop when baby starts to walk
- convex: thoracic and sacral - present at birth
- increase resilience of spine
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| Anterior longitudinal ligament | - attaches to bony vertebrae and intervertebral discs
- prevents hyperextension
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| Posterior longitudinal ligament | - narrow and relatively weak
- attaches to intervertebral discs
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| Nucleus pulposus | - gelatinous inner sphere of intervertebral disc
- absorbs compressive stresses
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| Annulus fibrosus | - outer rings formed of ligament
- inner rings formed of fibrocartilage
- contain the nucleus pulposus
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| General structure of vertebrae | - body
- vertebral arch
- vertebral foramen
- spinous process
- transverse process
- superior articular process
- inferior articular process
- intervertebral foramina
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| Atlas | - first cervical vertebrae
- lacks body and spinous process
- superior articular facets receive occipital condyles, supports skull
- allows flexion and extension of neck
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| Axis | - has body and spinous process
- second cervical vertebrae
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| Dens (odontoid process) | - formed from fusion of the body of atlas with the axis
- acts as pivot for rotation of axis and skull
- participates in rotating head from side to side
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| Vertebrae C3-C7 | - body: small and wide laterally
- short & bifid spinous process extends posteriorly (except C7)
- vertebral foramen: triangular and large
- transverse processes have foramina
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| Thoracic vertebrae | - all articulate with ribs
- body: larger than cervical bodies
- spinous processes: long and point inferiorly
- vertebral foramen are circular
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| Costal facets | - inferior, superior
- transverse (except T11-T12)
- present on both sides of vertebrae
- head of rib attached to inferior costal facet of superior vertebra and superior costal facet of inferior vertebra
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| Connections between thoracic and vertebral bodies | - laterally, each side of vertebral body has 2 facets (demifacets)
- demifacets interface with vertebral bodies above and below
- superior articular facets point posteriorly
- inferior articular processes point anteriorly
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| Thoracic cage | - forms framework of the chest
- protects thoracic organs
- supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs
- 3 components: thoracic vertebrae (posteriorly), ribs (laterally), sternum & costal cartilage (anteriorly)
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| Manubrium | - superior section of sternum
- articulates with medial end of clavicles
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| Body | - bulk of sternum
- sides are notched at articulations for costal cartilage of ribs 2-7
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| Xiphoid process | - inferior end of sternum
- ossifies around age 40
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| Jugular notch | - central indentation of superior border of manubrium
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| Sternal angle | - horizontal ridge where manubrium joins the body
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| Xiphisternal joint | - where sternal body and xiphoid process fuse
- lies at level of T9
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| Rib pairs 1-7 | - vertebrosternal ribs
- superior 7 pairs of ribs which attach to sternum by costal cartilage
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| Rib pairs 8-10 | - vertebrochondral ribs
- airs of ribs which attach to sternum indirectly
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| Rib pairs 11-12 | - floating ribs
- are not attached to sternum
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| Lumbar vertebrae | - thick & robust bodies
- thin & tapered transverse processes
- spinous processes are thick, blunt, point posteriorly
- triangular vertebral foramina
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| Sacrum | - shapes posterior wall of pelvis
- formed from 5 fused vertebrae
- superior surface articulates with L5
- inferiorly articulates with coccyx
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| Sacral promontory | - where the anterosuperior margin of first sacral vertebrae bulges into pelvic cavity
- human body's center of gravity is 1 cm posterior to sacral promontory
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| Sacrum: anterior view | - sacral promontory
- four transverse ridges cross anterior surface of the sacrum, marking the lines of fusion of sacral vertebrae
- anterior sacral foramina transmit ventral divisions of sacral spinal nerves
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| Sacrum: posterior view | - median sacral crest: represents fused spinal processes of sacral vertebrae
- posterior sacral foramina: transmit dorsal rami of sacral spinal nerves
- lateral sacral crest
- ala: develop from fused rib elements
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| Sacral foramina | - ventral foramina: passage for ventral rami of sacral spinal nerves
- dorsal foramina: passage of dorsal rami of sacral spinal nerves
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| Coccyx | - tailbone
- 3-5 fused vertebrae
- offers only slight support to pelvic organs
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| Cleft palate | - common congenital disorder
- right and left halves of palate fail to fuse medially
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| Stenosis of lumbar spine | - narrowing of the vertebral canal
- can compress roots of spinal nerves
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| Abnormal spinal curvatures | - Scoliosis: abnormal spinal curvature
- Kyphosis: exaggerated thoracic curvature
- Lordosis: accentuated lumbar curvature
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| Axial skeleton throughout life | - flat membrane bones begin to ossify in 2nd month of development
- bone tissue grows outward from ossification centers
- at birth, skull bones are separated by still-unossified remnants of membranes
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| Fontanelles | - still-unossified remnants of membranes at birth
- anterior, posterior, mastoid, sphenoidal
- allows skull to be safely compressed & molded as infant passes thru birth canal
- usually replaced about a year after birth
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