Chap. 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Levels of Structural Organization | cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism
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| Integumentary System - Organs | Cutaneous Membranes (Epidermis, Dermis), Hair Follicles (Hair, Sebaceous Glands), Sweat Glands, Nails, Sensory Receptors, Subcutaneous Layer
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| Cutaneous Membranes - Function | Cover surface, protect deeper tissue, nourish epidermis, provide strength, contains glands
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| Hair Follicles - Function | Produce hair, provide some protection from head, Secrete lipid that lubricates hair shaft and epidermis
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| Sweat Glands - Function | Perspiration for evaporative cooling
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| Nails - Function | Protect & stiffen distal tips of digits
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| Sensory Receptors - Function | Provide sensations of touch, pressure, temp, pain
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| Subcutaneous Layer | Store lipids, attaches skin to deeper tissues
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| Skeletal System - Organs | Bones, Cartilage, Joints, Bone Marrow
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| Bones, Cartilage, Bone Marrow - Function | Support, protect soft tissues, bone stores minerals, primary site of blood cell production (red marrow), storage of energy reserves in fat cell (yellow marrow)
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| Muscular System - Organs | Skeletal Muscles, Tendons, Aponeuroses
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| Skeletal Muscles - Function | Provide movement, control entrances to digestive & respiratory systems, exits from digestive & urinary tracts, support skeleton, protect soft tissue
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| Tendons, Aponeuroses - Function | Harness forces of contraction to perform specific tasks
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| Nervous System - Organs | CNS (brain, spinal cord, special senses), PNS (peripheral nervous system); fast acting control system
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| CNS - Function | Controls nervous system, process info, provide short term control over activities of other systems
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| PNS - Function | Links CNS with other systems and with sense organs
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| Endocrine System - Organs | Pineal Gland, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland, Thymus, Adrenal Glands, Kidneys, Pancreas, Gonads (testes & overies)
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| Endocrine System - Function | Slow acting control using hormones
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| Cardiovascular System - Organs | Heart, Blood Vessels (Arteries, Capillaries, Veins), Blood
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| Cardiovascular System - Function | Maintain BP, move blood, transport O2, CO2, Blood cells... to cells, temp regulation, permit diffusion, defense against disease
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| Lymphatic System - Organs | Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Thymus
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| Lymphatic System - Function | Carry, moniter lymph, stimulate immune response, moniter circulating blood, engulf pathogens - recycle RBCs, controls development of T cells
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| Respiratory System - Organs | Nasal Cavities, Paranasal Sinuses, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs (avioli)
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| Respiratory System - Function | Exchange O2 & CO2, activate vitamin D
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| Digestive System - Organs | Mouth, Salivary Glands, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Large Intestine
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| Digestive System - Function | Digest food, absorb nutrients, remove waste
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| Urinary System - Organs | Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra
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| Urinary Sytem - Function | filter blood, control BP, remove waste, control RBC production, control fluid levels, control pH, activate vitamin D
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| Male Reproductive System - Organs | Testes, Accessory Organs (epididymis, ductius defferns, seminal vessicles, prostate gland, urethra), Penis, Scrotum
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| Female Reproductive System - Organs | Ovaries, Uterine Tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Clitoris, Labia, Mammary Glands
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| Cranium | Skull or Cranial
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| Facies | Face or Facial
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| Cephalon | Head, Cephalic - includes cranium & facies
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| Oris | mouth, oral
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| Mentis | chin or mental
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| Axilla | armpit, axillary
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| Brachium | arm, brachial
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| Antecubitis | front of elbow
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| Antebrachium | forearm
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| Carpus | wrist
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| Pollex | thumb
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| Phalanges | fingers, digital
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| Patella | kneecap
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| Crus, Crural | leg
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| Tarsus, Tarsal | ankle
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| Phalanges, Phalangeal | toes
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| Hallux | great toe
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| Frons, Frontal | forehead
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| Oculus, Orbital or Ocular | eye
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| Auris, Otic | ear
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| Bucca, Buccal | cheek
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| Nasus | nose
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| Cervicis, Cervical | neck
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| Thoacis, Thorax, Thoracic | Chest
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| Mamma, Mammory | breast
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| Umbilicus | navel
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| Pelvis | Pelvic
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| Manus, Manual | Hand
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| Inguen, Inguinal | Groin
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| Pubis | Pubic
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| Femur, Femoral | Thigh
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| Pes, Pedal | Foot
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| Truck | Thoracis, Mamma, Abdomen, Umbilicus, Pelvis
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| Acromial | Shoulder
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| Dorsum, Dorsal | Back
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| Olecranon, Olecranal | back of elbow
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| Lumbus, Lumbar | Low back
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| Gluteus, Gluteal | Buttock
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| Popliteus | back of knee
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| Sura, Sural | Calf
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| Calcaneus | heel of foot
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| Planta, Plantar | sole of foot
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| Cephalon, Cephalic | head
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| Homeostasis | Internal environment has normal, healthy conditions = good health
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| Negative Feedback | Decrease production - most body systems
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| Positive Feedback | Increase production - ex. blood clotting and childbirth
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| Anterior | Front
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| Ventral | Belly side = anterior
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| Posterior | The back, behind
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| Dorsal | The back = posterior
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| Cranial | Toward the head
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| Cephalic | Toward the head
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| Superior | Above; at a higher level; toward the head
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| Caudal | Toward the tail (coccyx)
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| Inferior | Below; at the lower level; toward the feel
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| Medial | Toward the midline
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| Lateral | Away from the midline
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| Proximal | Toward the attached base
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| Distal | Away from an attached base
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| Superficial | At, near, or relatively close to the body surface
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| Deep | Toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface
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| Transverse, Horizontal, Cross Sectional | Separates into superior and inferior portions ie. MRI, CT Scans
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| Sagittal | Right and Left portions
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| Midsagittal | Separate into EQUAL right and left portions
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| Parasagittal | UNEQUAL right and left portions
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| Frontal, Coronal | Separate anterior and posterior portions of the body. Generally pass through the skull
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| Dorsal (Posterior) Cavity | Protects Nervous System. Contains CRANIAL CAVITY (contains brain) and VERTEBRAL CAVITY (contains spinal cord)
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| Ventral Cavity | Contains Thorasic, abdominal and pelvic cavity. The diaphram separates the thorasic cavity from the abdominal cavity
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| Viscera | Organ in the ventral cavity
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| Thorasic Cavity Organs | heart & lung
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| Abdominal Cavity Organs | digestive viscera
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| Pelvic Cavity Organs | bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
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| Inferior Mediastium | Heart
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| Superior Mediastium | Aortic artery, vessels, thymus, esphogus, trachea
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| Abdominal Pelvic Cavity (4 Regions) | Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) - Divide RT/LT at Sterum, Superior/Inferior at Umbilicus
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| Abdominopelvic Regions (9 Regions) | Divide RT Clavical, LT Clavical, Sup/Inf: Under Rib Cage & at Umbilicus - RT hypochondriac, epigastric, LT hypochondriac/RT lumbar, umbilical, LT lumbar/RT inguinal or iliac, hypogastric, LT inguinal or iliac
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| Fascia | Sheath or membrane
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| Superficial Fascia | Subcutaneous layer = hypodermis, mostly fat
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| Deep Fascia | The tough capsule that SURROUNDS most organs, incl. kidneys, tendons, ligaments, periosteum (around bone), pericardium, connective sheath around muscles
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| Subserous Fascia | Between serous membrane & deep fascia
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| Aponeurosis | Flat, sheet-like fascia (flat & thin tendon), may connect muscle to muscle or muscle to bone
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