Osteology
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| Lordosis | Spinal Curvature which is concave posteriorly
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| Kyphosis | Spinal curvature which is concave anteriorly
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| scoliosis | lateral curvature of the vertebral column and is used to describe a pathological condition
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| vertebral unit | two adjacent vertebrae and the intervertebral disc between them, if present
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| intervertebral (IV) disk | a fibro-cartilaginous structure composed of an outer, circumferential 'annulus' and an inner, gelatinous 'nucleus pulposis'
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| primary curvatures | the two curvatures in the vertebral column that are present at birth (both kyphoses, in the thoracic & sacral spine)
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| Secondary Curvatures | concave posteriorly, in cervical & lumbar regions (both lordosis)
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| cervical region | 7 cranial vertebrae
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| thoracic region | 12 vertebrae, with ribs form the bony thorax
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| lumbar region | inferior 5 vertebrae, low back region
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| sacral region | 5 fused vertebrae
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| coccygeal region | 4 coudal-most, vestigial vertebrae
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| vertebral body/centrum | largest single element of the individual vertebra, major function is to transmit force (compression) through length of vertebral column
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| vertebral (neural) arch | encloses the spinal cord
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| articular processes | (two on each side) extend superiorly and inferiorly from the neural arch, forming a connection with adjacent vertebra
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| articular facets (superior & inferior) | the smooth articulating surfaces on the articular processes
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| facet joints (zygapophyseal joints) | the synovial joints formed by the interposed articular facets of adjacent vertebrae
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| pedicle | the half of the neural arch anterior to the articular processes
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| lamina | the half of the neural arch posterior to the articular processes
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| spinous process | dorsal extension from the apex of the neural arch
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| Foramen Magnum | Massive opening gaping through the occipital bone. spinal cord, vertebral arteries, and spinal root of the accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI) pass through
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| Occipital Bone | Posterior portion of skull
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| Maxilla | Anterior portion of skull
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| Zygomatic Arches | Arch on lateral most portion of the skull
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| Mastoid processes | Lateral, inferior most portion just lateral and inferior to the occipital bone. The sternocleidomastoid and longissimus capitis muscles attach to this.
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| External Occipital Protuberance | Divides Superior Nuchal Line in halves
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| Superior Nuchal Lines | Trapezius attaches to this, lateral line to both sides of the external occipital protuberance
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| Inferior Nuchal Lines | They run transversely across the occiput in parallel with the superior nuchal lines and serve as the attachment points for most of the suboccipital muscles.
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| External Occipital Crest | Runs vertically from the external occipital protuberance to the posterior aspect of the foramen magnum, perpendicular to the nuchal lines. Attachment site for the massive neck ligament - the ligament nuchae.
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| Occipital Condyles | On either side of the foramen magnum, smooth & curved, articulate with the superior articular facets/processes of the first cervical vertebra (atlas, CV1) as the atlantooccipital joint.
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| Upper Cervical Segment | The first two cervical vertebrae - the atlas & axis.
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| Atlas (CV1) | CV1
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| Superior articular facets | Superior articulation points on vertebrae
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| Lateral Masses | Found on Atlas - just medial to the superior articular facets
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| Inferior articular facets | inferior articulation points on vertebrae
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| transverse processes | Lateral most processes on vertebrae, However, on lumbar these are often called costal processes
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| Anterior Arch | In place of the centrum, anteriorly on the Atlas (CV1)
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| Anterior Tubercle | Atlas: Found on the anterior surface of the anterior arch and serves as an attachment for the anterior longitudinal ligament that runs the length of the vertebral column
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| Facet for Dens | Smooth, circular facet, located on the posterior aspect of the arch of Atlas
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| Posterior Arch | Atlas: Joins the lateral masses posteriorly
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| Groove for the Vertebral Artery | Atlas: Groove just lateral to posterior arch on superior side
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| Posterior Tubercle (atlas) | Atlas: In place of spinous processes of other vertebrae
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| Transverse foramina | Openings in the transverse processes
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| Axis | 2nd Vertebra, CV2
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| Dens | Axis: peg like facet which articulates with Atlas
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| Lower cervical segment | 3rd - 7th cervical vertebrae
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| Anterior/Posterior Tubercle (C3-7) | Just Lateral to the transverse foramina on C3-7
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| Costotransverse bar | Joins the Anterior and posterior tubercles on C3-C7
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| Uncinate process | Cranially projecting ridge on lateral sides of vertebral bodies of C3-T1
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| Vertebra Prominens | Spinous process of TV1
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| Superior/Inferior Demifacet (costal facet) | Articulation w/ head of ribs on thoracic vertebrae
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| Transverse costal facet | On tip of transverse process, articulates with the rib tubercle
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| Facet for the tubercle of the Rib (Costal Facet on Transverse Process) | Articulation point for rib on transverse process of TV2-TV8
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| Costal Head of Rib | End of rib which articulates w/ vertebrae
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| Neck of Rib | Between head and costal tubercle of rib
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| Costal Tubercle | Just lateral to the neck of a rib, also has an articulating surface, which articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae
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| Accessory Process | Just medial to the transverse process on the lamina of the neural arch (on Lumbar). Usually a small bump.
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| Mammillary process | Just lateral to the articular facet on Lumbar, Attachment site for the multifidus muscle
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| Anterior Sacral Foramina | Holes in sacrum. these transmit the anterior primary rami of the sacral spinal nerves.
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| ALA | Wing on sacrum, portion lateral to the anterior sacral foramnia
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| Promontory | Slight projection of the centrum of SV1, along the ventral midline
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| Transverse Lines | Four fused lines of the sacral vertebrae
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| Sagittal Crest | Crest down the posterior side of the sacrum
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| Sacral Hiatus | Located @ inferior end of median sacral crest (sagittal crest)
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| Sacral canal | Inferior to the median sacral crest, runs from cranial to caudal on posterior side of sacrum
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| Posterior Sacral Foramina | Holes on posterior side of sacrum, transmit the posterior primary rami of the sacral spinal nerves.
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| Lateral Sacral Crest | Lateral to the posterior sacral foramina, these represent the fused sacral transverse processes
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| Auricular Surface | Rough, extensive lateral surface of sacrum, by which articulation w/ iliac bones @ sacroiliac joints occurs
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