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Anatomy - Back
Osteology
| Anatomy | Definition/Location |
|---|---|
| Lordosis | Spinal Curvature which is concave posteriorly |
| Kyphosis | Spinal curvature which is concave anteriorly |
| scoliosis | lateral curvature of the vertebral column and is used to describe a pathological condition |
| vertebral unit | two adjacent vertebrae and the intervertebral disc between them, if present |
| intervertebral (IV) disk | a fibro-cartilaginous structure composed of an outer, circumferential 'annulus' and an inner, gelatinous 'nucleus pulposis' |
| primary curvatures | the two curvatures in the vertebral column that are present at birth (both kyphoses, in the thoracic & sacral spine) |
| Secondary Curvatures | concave posteriorly, in cervical & lumbar regions (both lordosis) |
| cervical region | 7 cranial vertebrae |
| thoracic region | 12 vertebrae, with ribs form the bony thorax |
| lumbar region | inferior 5 vertebrae, low back region |
| sacral region | 5 fused vertebrae |
| coccygeal region | 4 coudal-most, vestigial vertebrae |
| vertebral body/centrum | largest single element of the individual vertebra, major function is to transmit force (compression) through length of vertebral column |
| vertebral (neural) arch | encloses the spinal cord |
| articular processes | (two on each side) extend superiorly and inferiorly from the neural arch, forming a connection with adjacent vertebra |
| articular facets (superior & inferior) | the smooth articulating surfaces on the articular processes |
| facet joints (zygapophyseal joints) | the synovial joints formed by the interposed articular facets of adjacent vertebrae |
| pedicle | the half of the neural arch anterior to the articular processes |
| lamina | the half of the neural arch posterior to the articular processes |
| spinous process | dorsal extension from the apex of the neural arch |
| Foramen Magnum | Massive opening gaping through the occipital bone. spinal cord, vertebral arteries, and spinal root of the accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI) pass through |
| Occipital Bone | Posterior portion of skull |
| Maxilla | Anterior portion of skull |
| Zygomatic Arches | Arch on lateral most portion of the skull |
| Mastoid processes | Lateral, inferior most portion just lateral and inferior to the occipital bone. The sternocleidomastoid and longissimus capitis muscles attach to this. |
| External Occipital Protuberance | Divides Superior Nuchal Line in halves |
| Superior Nuchal Lines | Trapezius attaches to this, lateral line to both sides of the external occipital protuberance |
| Inferior Nuchal Lines | They run transversely across the occiput in parallel with the superior nuchal lines and serve as the attachment points for most of the suboccipital muscles. |
| External Occipital Crest | Runs vertically from the external occipital protuberance to the posterior aspect of the foramen magnum, perpendicular to the nuchal lines. Attachment site for the massive neck ligament - the ligament nuchae. |
| Occipital Condyles | On either side of the foramen magnum, smooth & curved, articulate with the superior articular facets/processes of the first cervical vertebra (atlas, CV1) as the atlantooccipital joint. |
| Upper Cervical Segment | The first two cervical vertebrae - the atlas & axis. |
| Atlas (CV1) | CV1 |
| Superior articular facets | Superior articulation points on vertebrae |
| Lateral Masses | Found on Atlas - just medial to the superior articular facets |
| Inferior articular facets | inferior articulation points on vertebrae |
| transverse processes | Lateral most processes on vertebrae, However, on lumbar these are often called costal processes |
| Anterior Arch | In place of the centrum, anteriorly on the Atlas (CV1) |
| Anterior Tubercle | Atlas: Found on the anterior surface of the anterior arch and serves as an attachment for the anterior longitudinal ligament that runs the length of the vertebral column |
| Facet for Dens | Smooth, circular facet, located on the posterior aspect of the arch of Atlas |
| Posterior Arch | Atlas: Joins the lateral masses posteriorly |
| Groove for the Vertebral Artery | Atlas: Groove just lateral to posterior arch on superior side |
| Posterior Tubercle (atlas) | Atlas: In place of spinous processes of other vertebrae |
| Transverse foramina | Openings in the transverse processes |
| Axis | 2nd Vertebra, CV2 |
| Dens | Axis: peg like facet which articulates with Atlas |
| Lower cervical segment | 3rd - 7th cervical vertebrae |
| Anterior/Posterior Tubercle (C3-7) | Just Lateral to the transverse foramina on C3-7 |
| Costotransverse bar | Joins the Anterior and posterior tubercles on C3-C7 |
| Uncinate process | Cranially projecting ridge on lateral sides of vertebral bodies of C3-T1 |
| Vertebra Prominens | Spinous process of TV1 |
| Superior/Inferior Demifacet (costal facet) | Articulation w/ head of ribs on thoracic vertebrae |
| Transverse costal facet | On tip of transverse process, articulates with the rib tubercle |
| Facet for the tubercle of the Rib (Costal Facet on Transverse Process) | Articulation point for rib on transverse process of TV2-TV8 |
| Costal Head of Rib | End of rib which articulates w/ vertebrae |
| Neck of Rib | Between head and costal tubercle of rib |
| Costal Tubercle | Just lateral to the neck of a rib, also has an articulating surface, which articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae |
| Accessory Process | Just medial to the transverse process on the lamina of the neural arch (on Lumbar). Usually a small bump. |
| Mammillary process | Just lateral to the articular facet on Lumbar, Attachment site for the multifidus muscle |
| Anterior Sacral Foramina | Holes in sacrum. these transmit the anterior primary rami of the sacral spinal nerves. |
| ALA | Wing on sacrum, portion lateral to the anterior sacral foramnia |
| Promontory | Slight projection of the centrum of SV1, along the ventral midline |
| Transverse Lines | Four fused lines of the sacral vertebrae |
| Sagittal Crest | Crest down the posterior side of the sacrum |
| Sacral Hiatus | Located @ inferior end of median sacral crest (sagittal crest) |
| Sacral canal | Inferior to the median sacral crest, runs from cranial to caudal on posterior side of sacrum |
| Posterior Sacral Foramina | Holes on posterior side of sacrum, transmit the posterior primary rami of the sacral spinal nerves. |
| Lateral Sacral Crest | Lateral to the posterior sacral foramina, these represent the fused sacral transverse processes |
| Auricular Surface | Rough, extensive lateral surface of sacrum, by which articulation w/ iliac bones @ sacroiliac joints occurs |
Created by:
imthemorg
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