a/p test 1
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the study of the body structure including chemical, microscopic( cells/tissues), and gross (organ/body) | anatomy
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the study of body FUNCTIONS( include chemical, microscopic, and gross) | physiology
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atoms in the body | chemical level
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molecules (dna) | cellular level
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tissue | tissue level
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serous membrane (outside), smooth muscle tissue layers (under serous), epithelial tissue. -stomach | organ level
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digestive system ( esophagus, liver, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, small/large intestine) | system level
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person | organismal level
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structures that emerge from the time of the fertilized egg thru the 8th week in utero | embrology
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structures that emerge from the time of the ferilized egg to the adult form | developmental biology
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microscopic structure of tissues | histology
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anatomical landmarks on the surface of the body thru visualization and palpation | surface anatomy
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structures that can be exampined without a microscope | gross anatomy
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structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respitory system | systematic anatomy
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specific regions of the body such as the head or chest | regional antaomy
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body structures that can be visualized with x rays | radiographic anatomy
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structural changes associated with disease | pathological anatomy
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functional properties of nerve cells | neurophysiology
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hormones and how they control body functions | endocrinology
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functions of the heart and blood vessels | cardiovascular physiology
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how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents | immunology
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functions of the air passageways and lungs | respitory physology
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functions of the kidneys | renal physiology
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changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity | exercise physiology
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functional changes associated with disease and aging | pathophysiology
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development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state | differentiation
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characteritics of differentiation | cells have specialized structures and functions that differ from precursor cells, and stem cells give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
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formation of new cells (growth, repair, or replacment) and production of a baby | reproduction
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motion of the whole body | movement
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increase in body size | growth
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sum of all the chemical process that occur in the body | metabolism
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the breakdown of complex chemical sunstances into simpler components | catabolism
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the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components | anabolism
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body's ability to detect and respond to changes (decrease in bodytemp, respond to sound, nerves) | responsiveness
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what are the basic life processes? | metabolism (catabolism, anabolism), responsiveness, growth, movement, differetiation, and reproduction
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the series of regulated processes that maintains the body in a normal healthy state of equilibrium | homeostasis
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what is homeostasis in terms of a limited range of internal conditions in which cells can operate | sodium levels in the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid `
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skin and structures associated with it such as hair, glands,and nails. protects the body, regulates temp, detects senstaion, makes vitamin D | intugumentary system
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bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages. they support and protect the body, provides surface area for muscles | skeletal system
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muscles composed of skeletal muscle tissue. produces body movements | muscular system
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brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs (eyes/ears). generates action potentials to regulate body activites | nervous system
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hormone producing glands and hormone producing cells in several other organs. regulates body activites by releasing hormones | endocrine system
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blood, heart, and blood vessels. heart pumps blood thru blood vesels, blood carries Oxygen | CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
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organs of gastrointestinal tract (mouth, throat, liver, stomach, intestins) | digestive system
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kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra. | urinary system
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lymphatic fluid and vessels (spleen, thymus, lymph, nodes, and tonsils) returns proteins and fluid to blood. | lymphatic system
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lungs/air passageways. transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood | respitory system
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gonads and associated organs. | reproductive system
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body upright, standing erect,feet flat, palms up, upper limbs to the side | anatomical position
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body is laying face down | prone position
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body is lying face up | supine position
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occipital | base of skull
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acromial | shoulder
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cephalic | head
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cervical | neck
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scapular | shoulder blade
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vertebral | spinal column
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olecranal | back of elbow
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dorsal | back
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lumbar | loin
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sacral | between hips
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gluteal | buttock
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popliteal | hollow behind knee
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sural | calf
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plantar | sole
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calcaneal | heal
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dorsum | back of hand
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frontal | forehead
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oribtal | eye
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otic | ear
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buccal | cheek
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nasal | nose
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oral | mouth
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mental | chin
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sternal | breastbone
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mammary | breast
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umbilical | navel
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coxal | hip
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inguinal | groin
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thoracic | chest
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pubis | pubic
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manual | hand
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dorsum | top of foot
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tarsal | ankle
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digital/phalangeal | toes and fingers
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pedal | foot
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crural | leg
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femoral | thigh
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patellar | anterior surface of knee
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palmer | palm
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carpal | wrist
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antebrachial | forearm
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antecubital | front of elbow
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bracial | arm
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axillary | armpit
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formed by cranial bones and holds the brain | cranial cavity
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contains spinal cord and the begininings of spinal nerve | vertebral cavity
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chest cavity | thoracic cavity
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each surrounds a lung | pleural cavity
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surrounds the heart | pericaridal cavity
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central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs | mediastinum
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contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallblader, small/large intenstine | abdominal cavity
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contains urinary bladder, large intestine, reproduction organs | pelvic cavity
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nearer to the attatchement of a limb to the trunk | proximal
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farther from the midline | lateral
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farther from the attatchment of a limb to the trunk | distal
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nearer to the midline | medial
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nearer to the front of the body | anterior
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nearer to the back of the body | posterior
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torward the head | superior
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away from the head | inferior
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a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides. (midsagittal is equal, parasagittal is not) | sagital plane
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divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions | frontal/ coronal plane
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divides the body or and organ into superior and inferior portions | transvers (cross-sectional/horizonal) plane
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passes thru the body of an organ at an angle | oblique plane
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cut of the body made along a plane | sections
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something that can be measured or observed | clinical sign
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a complaint by the patient | clinical symptom
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seeing bones | x-ray or radiograph
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more detailed xray- not just bones | magnetic resonance image (MRI)
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using a camera to enter anal | colonoscopy
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xray technology used to look at babies in the stomach | sonograph
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to see if theres a blockage in coronary arteries in the heart | angiogram
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xray of breast | mammogram
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xray to see theres a kidney stone or any abnormalties | intravenour urogram
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barium is put into your body to see if theres any abonormalties in the digestive tract | barium contrast x-ray
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computer generated xray that can see things from different sections without actually getting into the tissue | computed tomography
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substances that cannot be split into smaller units by ordinary chemical reactions | chemical elements
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what is matter composed of? | atoms, nucleus, protons, neutrons,and electrons
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located in electron shells around nucelus. 1st shell- 2, 2nd shell- 8, 3rd shell-18, 4th-18` | electrons
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number of protons in the nucleus which is also the number of electrons | atomic number
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total number of protons and neutrons | mass number
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different forms of an element that contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons | isotopes
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mass of neutrons +protons+electrons | atomic weight(atomic mass)
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forms when atom gives up elections of gains elections. | ion
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forms when two or more atoms share electrons | molecule
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substance formed from different elements binding together that can be broken down into two or more different elements by ordinary chemical means | compound
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form between a positive and negatively chaged ion | ionic bond
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electron doners (+) | cations
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elections takers (-) | anions
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formed by atoms of molecules sharing 1, 2, or 3 pairs of valence electrons | covalent bonds
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atoms share electrons equally | nonpolar bond
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one atom attracts electons more strongly | polar bond
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when new bonds are formed or existing bonds are broken between atoms | chemical reactions
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mass of reactants= mass of products energy of reactants= energy of products (although, energy can be a different form) | law of conservation of mass
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all chemical reactions in an organism | metabolism
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capacity to do work | energy
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energy stored by matter due to position | potential energy
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energy stored by matter due to movement | kinetic energy
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a type of potental energy found in chemical bonds | chemical energy
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reaction between two or more molecules where more energy is released than utilizzed | exothermic reaction
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in this reaction between two or more molecules, more energy is utilized than released. (energy required is often from ATP) | endothermic reaction
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chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur | catalyst
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in the body, what type of molecule serves the important role as catalysts for most chemical reactions? | enzymes
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two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form a new and larger molecule. an anabolic reaction (a +b >ab) | synthesis
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a molecule is broken down into smaller parts. a catabolic reaction (ab >a+b) | decomposition
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the replacement of an atom or atoms by another atom of atoms (ab+cd >ad+bc) | exchange reactions
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end products can revert back to the original molecule (ab <> a+b) | reversible reactions
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the most important inoganic compound | water!
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dissolves the solute in a solution | solvent
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contains polar covalent bonds and dissolves water | hydrophillic substance
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contains nonpolar bonds and does not dissolve in water | hydophobic substance
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breaks down large molecules into simpler ones by adding a molecule to water | hydolysis
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occurs when two simple molecules join together, producing a water molecule in the process | dehydration
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can absorb or release heat with limited change in its own temperature(water) | high heat capacity
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requires a high temperature to change from liquid to gas(water) | high heat of vaporization
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water is a major component of mucus and other lubricating substances | lubricant
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a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but are not bound by chemical bonds | mixture
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a substance called solvent dissolves a substance called solute | solution
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a type of mixture where particles are dispersed in solvent but large enough to scatter light | colloid
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a type of mixture where particles may be dispersed for a while but eventually seperate from the solvent | suspension
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amount of any substance that has a mass in grams equal to the sum of the atomic masses of all its atoms | mole
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dissociates into one more more hydrogen atoms and one or more anions. a proton doner | acid
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dissociates into one or more hydoxide ions (OH) and one or more cations. proton acceptor | base
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dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H or OH. responsible for maintaining the levels of many important electrolytes in the body | salt
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means of expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution | PH scale
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negative logarithm of concentration of hydrogen in moles/L of solution. | PH
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Ph less than 7 | acidic
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ph more than 7 | basic
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groups of chemical compoounds t hat can convert a strong acid or a strong base into a weak acid or a weak base. | buffer systems
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usually contain C, H, and O. sometimes N, S, and P. | organic molecules
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what are the major types of organic molecules? | carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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glucose(blood), fructose(fruit), galactose(milk), deoxyribose(dna), ribose)rna) | monosacarides
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sucrose(sugar-glu+fruc), lactose(milk-glu+galac), maltose(glu+glu) | disaccarides
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the stored forms of carbs in animals(glycogen), plants(starch), and cellulose(plant cell walls) | polysaccharides
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make up about 2-3% of the body, polar and hydrophillic | carbohydrates
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18-25% of body mass in lean adults. hydrophobic | lipids
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most plentiful organic substance in body. | triglycerides
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fatty acids that are necessary for good health but can not be made by human body. must be obtained thru food | essential fatty acids
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carry cholersterol in the blood (LDLD=bad, HDL=good) | lipoproteins
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formed by "hydrogenating" unsaturated fats | trans fat
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very large organic molecules containing C, H, O, N, and P. basic units are nucleotides | nucleic acid
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forms the genetic code in each cell. major molecule that forms a chromosome | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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several different forms that play key roles in protein synthesis | ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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major component of ribosomes | rRNA
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transfers the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein sysnthsis | mRNA
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transports amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis | tRNA
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how atp stores energy | atp+h20 (atpase)>adp +po4+ energy
adp+po4+energy (atp synthase)>atp+h20
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channels in a cell for na, k, and cl | ion channels
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provide special mechanisms for moving substances across the membrane (sodium-potassium pump) | transporters (carriers)
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insulin receptor on cells | receptors
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lactase on surface of simple columnar epithilial cells in small intestine digests lactose in milk | enzymes
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hold adjacent cells together (epithilial cells, cardiac muscle cells) | linkers
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MHC(major histocompatibility complex) or HLA (human leucocyte antigen) | cell identity markers
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make up 12-18% of body mass, composed of amino acids, contain C,H,O,N and some S. | proteins
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form covalent bonds between each other -specifically called a "peptide bond". 20 different ones. amino group/acidic carboxyl group/side chains. | amino acids
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2 amino acids bound together | dipeptide
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3 amino acids bound together | tripeptide
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4-9 amino acids bound together | peptide
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10 several thousand amino acids bound together | polypeptide
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passive movement of a substance down its concentration gradient via transmembrane proteins that act as transorters | facilliated diffusion
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transport in which cell expends energy to move a substance across the membrane against its concentration gradient through transmembrane proteins that act as transporters | active transport
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the cell membrane is a fluid substance. the phospholipid molecules in the membrane bi-layers are in constant motion. the amount of cholesterol molecules within the cell membrane affect the fluidity- increased cholersterol makes the membrace less fluid | membrane fluidity
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the ability to allow substances to pass through the membrane. cell membrane has selective permeability | membrace permeability
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what can pass through the cell membrane? | non-polar, uncharged molecules such as fatty acids, small alcohols, and ammonia
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what cant pass through the cell membrane? | larger, polar or charged molecules (with the exception of water)
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the difference om the concentration of a substance from one location to another. | concentration gradient
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movement of solute or solvent down their concentration gradients due to random mixing. can occur across a permeable membrane | diffusion
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the net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane | osmosis
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factors that affect diffusion across the cell membrane | steepness of gradient, temp, size of diffusing particle, surface area for diffusion, diffusion distance
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