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a/p test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the study of the body structure including chemical, microscopic( cells/tissues), and gross (organ/body) | anatomy |
| the study of body FUNCTIONS( include chemical, microscopic, and gross) | physiology |
| atoms in the body | chemical level |
| molecules (dna) | cellular level |
| tissue | tissue level |
| serous membrane (outside), smooth muscle tissue layers (under serous), epithelial tissue. -stomach | organ level |
| digestive system ( esophagus, liver, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, small/large intestine) | system level |
| person | organismal level |
| structures that emerge from the time of the fertilized egg thru the 8th week in utero | embrology |
| structures that emerge from the time of the ferilized egg to the adult form | developmental biology |
| microscopic structure of tissues | histology |
| anatomical landmarks on the surface of the body thru visualization and palpation | surface anatomy |
| structures that can be exampined without a microscope | gross anatomy |
| structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respitory system | systematic anatomy |
| specific regions of the body such as the head or chest | regional antaomy |
| body structures that can be visualized with x rays | radiographic anatomy |
| structural changes associated with disease | pathological anatomy |
| functional properties of nerve cells | neurophysiology |
| hormones and how they control body functions | endocrinology |
| functions of the heart and blood vessels | cardiovascular physiology |
| how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents | immunology |
| functions of the air passageways and lungs | respitory physology |
| functions of the kidneys | renal physiology |
| changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity | exercise physiology |
| functional changes associated with disease and aging | pathophysiology |
| development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state | differentiation |
| characteritics of differentiation | cells have specialized structures and functions that differ from precursor cells, and stem cells give rise to cells that undergo differentiation |
| formation of new cells (growth, repair, or replacment) and production of a baby | reproduction |
| motion of the whole body | movement |
| increase in body size | growth |
| sum of all the chemical process that occur in the body | metabolism |
| the breakdown of complex chemical sunstances into simpler components | catabolism |
| the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components | anabolism |
| body's ability to detect and respond to changes (decrease in bodytemp, respond to sound, nerves) | responsiveness |
| what are the basic life processes? | metabolism (catabolism, anabolism), responsiveness, growth, movement, differetiation, and reproduction |
| the series of regulated processes that maintains the body in a normal healthy state of equilibrium | homeostasis |
| what is homeostasis in terms of a limited range of internal conditions in which cells can operate | sodium levels in the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid ` |
| skin and structures associated with it such as hair, glands,and nails. protects the body, regulates temp, detects senstaion, makes vitamin D | intugumentary system |
| bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages. they support and protect the body, provides surface area for muscles | skeletal system |
| muscles composed of skeletal muscle tissue. produces body movements | muscular system |
| brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs (eyes/ears). generates action potentials to regulate body activites | nervous system |
| hormone producing glands and hormone producing cells in several other organs. regulates body activites by releasing hormones | endocrine system |
| blood, heart, and blood vessels. heart pumps blood thru blood vesels, blood carries Oxygen | CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM |
| organs of gastrointestinal tract (mouth, throat, liver, stomach, intestins) | digestive system |
| kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra. | urinary system |
| lymphatic fluid and vessels (spleen, thymus, lymph, nodes, and tonsils) returns proteins and fluid to blood. | lymphatic system |
| lungs/air passageways. transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood | respitory system |
| gonads and associated organs. | reproductive system |
| body upright, standing erect,feet flat, palms up, upper limbs to the side | anatomical position |
| body is laying face down | prone position |
| body is lying face up | supine position |
| occipital | base of skull |
| acromial | shoulder |
| cephalic | head |
| cervical | neck |
| scapular | shoulder blade |
| vertebral | spinal column |
| olecranal | back of elbow |
| dorsal | back |
| lumbar | loin |
| sacral | between hips |
| gluteal | buttock |
| popliteal | hollow behind knee |
| sural | calf |
| plantar | sole |
| calcaneal | heal |
| dorsum | back of hand |
| frontal | forehead |
| oribtal | eye |
| otic | ear |
| buccal | cheek |
| nasal | nose |
| oral | mouth |
| mental | chin |
| sternal | breastbone |
| mammary | breast |
| umbilical | navel |
| coxal | hip |
| inguinal | groin |
| thoracic | chest |
| pubis | pubic |
| manual | hand |
| dorsum | top of foot |
| tarsal | ankle |
| digital/phalangeal | toes and fingers |
| pedal | foot |
| crural | leg |
| femoral | thigh |
| patellar | anterior surface of knee |
| palmer | palm |
| carpal | wrist |
| antebrachial | forearm |
| antecubital | front of elbow |
| bracial | arm |
| axillary | armpit |
| formed by cranial bones and holds the brain | cranial cavity |
| contains spinal cord and the begininings of spinal nerve | vertebral cavity |
| chest cavity | thoracic cavity |
| each surrounds a lung | pleural cavity |
| surrounds the heart | pericaridal cavity |
| central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs | mediastinum |
| contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallblader, small/large intenstine | abdominal cavity |
| contains urinary bladder, large intestine, reproduction organs | pelvic cavity |
| nearer to the attatchement of a limb to the trunk | proximal |
| farther from the midline | lateral |
| farther from the attatchment of a limb to the trunk | distal |
| nearer to the midline | medial |
| nearer to the front of the body | anterior |
| nearer to the back of the body | posterior |
| torward the head | superior |
| away from the head | inferior |
| a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides. (midsagittal is equal, parasagittal is not) | sagital plane |
| divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions | frontal/ coronal plane |
| divides the body or and organ into superior and inferior portions | transvers (cross-sectional/horizonal) plane |
| passes thru the body of an organ at an angle | oblique plane |
| cut of the body made along a plane | sections |
| something that can be measured or observed | clinical sign |
| a complaint by the patient | clinical symptom |
| seeing bones | x-ray or radiograph |
| more detailed xray- not just bones | magnetic resonance image (MRI) |
| using a camera to enter anal | colonoscopy |
| xray technology used to look at babies in the stomach | sonograph |
| to see if theres a blockage in coronary arteries in the heart | angiogram |
| xray of breast | mammogram |
| xray to see theres a kidney stone or any abnormalties | intravenour urogram |
| barium is put into your body to see if theres any abonormalties in the digestive tract | barium contrast x-ray |
| computer generated xray that can see things from different sections without actually getting into the tissue | computed tomography |
| substances that cannot be split into smaller units by ordinary chemical reactions | chemical elements |
| what is matter composed of? | atoms, nucleus, protons, neutrons,and electrons |
| located in electron shells around nucelus. 1st shell- 2, 2nd shell- 8, 3rd shell-18, 4th-18` | electrons |
| number of protons in the nucleus which is also the number of electrons | atomic number |
| total number of protons and neutrons | mass number |
| different forms of an element that contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons | isotopes |
| mass of neutrons +protons+electrons | atomic weight(atomic mass) |
| forms when atom gives up elections of gains elections. | ion |
| forms when two or more atoms share electrons | molecule |
| substance formed from different elements binding together that can be broken down into two or more different elements by ordinary chemical means | compound |
| form between a positive and negatively chaged ion | ionic bond |
| electron doners (+) | cations |
| elections takers (-) | anions |
| formed by atoms of molecules sharing 1, 2, or 3 pairs of valence electrons | covalent bonds |
| atoms share electrons equally | nonpolar bond |
| one atom attracts electons more strongly | polar bond |
| when new bonds are formed or existing bonds are broken between atoms | chemical reactions |
| mass of reactants= mass of products energy of reactants= energy of products (although, energy can be a different form) | law of conservation of mass |
| all chemical reactions in an organism | metabolism |
| capacity to do work | energy |
| energy stored by matter due to position | potential energy |
| energy stored by matter due to movement | kinetic energy |
| a type of potental energy found in chemical bonds | chemical energy |
| reaction between two or more molecules where more energy is released than utilizzed | exothermic reaction |
| in this reaction between two or more molecules, more energy is utilized than released. (energy required is often from ATP) | endothermic reaction |
| chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur | catalyst |
| in the body, what type of molecule serves the important role as catalysts for most chemical reactions? | enzymes |
| two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form a new and larger molecule. an anabolic reaction (a +b >ab) | synthesis |
| a molecule is broken down into smaller parts. a catabolic reaction (ab >a+b) | decomposition |
| the replacement of an atom or atoms by another atom of atoms (ab+cd >ad+bc) | exchange reactions |
| end products can revert back to the original molecule (ab <> a+b) | reversible reactions |
| the most important inoganic compound | water! |
| dissolves the solute in a solution | solvent |
| contains polar covalent bonds and dissolves water | hydrophillic substance |
| contains nonpolar bonds and does not dissolve in water | hydophobic substance |
| breaks down large molecules into simpler ones by adding a molecule to water | hydolysis |
| occurs when two simple molecules join together, producing a water molecule in the process | dehydration |
| can absorb or release heat with limited change in its own temperature(water) | high heat capacity |
| requires a high temperature to change from liquid to gas(water) | high heat of vaporization |
| water is a major component of mucus and other lubricating substances | lubricant |
| a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but are not bound by chemical bonds | mixture |
| a substance called solvent dissolves a substance called solute | solution |
| a type of mixture where particles are dispersed in solvent but large enough to scatter light | colloid |
| a type of mixture where particles may be dispersed for a while but eventually seperate from the solvent | suspension |
| amount of any substance that has a mass in grams equal to the sum of the atomic masses of all its atoms | mole |
| dissociates into one more more hydrogen atoms and one or more anions. a proton doner | acid |
| dissociates into one or more hydoxide ions (OH) and one or more cations. proton acceptor | base |
| dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H or OH. responsible for maintaining the levels of many important electrolytes in the body | salt |
| means of expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution | PH scale |
| negative logarithm of concentration of hydrogen in moles/L of solution. | PH |
| Ph less than 7 | acidic |
| ph more than 7 | basic |
| groups of chemical compoounds t hat can convert a strong acid or a strong base into a weak acid or a weak base. | buffer systems |
| usually contain C, H, and O. sometimes N, S, and P. | organic molecules |
| what are the major types of organic molecules? | carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| glucose(blood), fructose(fruit), galactose(milk), deoxyribose(dna), ribose)rna) | monosacarides |
| sucrose(sugar-glu+fruc), lactose(milk-glu+galac), maltose(glu+glu) | disaccarides |
| the stored forms of carbs in animals(glycogen), plants(starch), and cellulose(plant cell walls) | polysaccharides |
| make up about 2-3% of the body, polar and hydrophillic | carbohydrates |
| 18-25% of body mass in lean adults. hydrophobic | lipids |
| most plentiful organic substance in body. | triglycerides |
| fatty acids that are necessary for good health but can not be made by human body. must be obtained thru food | essential fatty acids |
| carry cholersterol in the blood (LDLD=bad, HDL=good) | lipoproteins |
| formed by "hydrogenating" unsaturated fats | trans fat |
| very large organic molecules containing C, H, O, N, and P. basic units are nucleotides | nucleic acid |
| forms the genetic code in each cell. major molecule that forms a chromosome | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
| several different forms that play key roles in protein synthesis | ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| major component of ribosomes | rRNA |
| transfers the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein sysnthsis | mRNA |
| transports amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis | tRNA |
| how atp stores energy | atp+h20 (atpase)>adp +po4+ energy adp+po4+energy (atp synthase)>atp+h20 |
| channels in a cell for na, k, and cl | ion channels |
| provide special mechanisms for moving substances across the membrane (sodium-potassium pump) | transporters (carriers) |
| insulin receptor on cells | receptors |
| lactase on surface of simple columnar epithilial cells in small intestine digests lactose in milk | enzymes |
| hold adjacent cells together (epithilial cells, cardiac muscle cells) | linkers |
| MHC(major histocompatibility complex) or HLA (human leucocyte antigen) | cell identity markers |
| make up 12-18% of body mass, composed of amino acids, contain C,H,O,N and some S. | proteins |
| form covalent bonds between each other -specifically called a "peptide bond". 20 different ones. amino group/acidic carboxyl group/side chains. | amino acids |
| 2 amino acids bound together | dipeptide |
| 3 amino acids bound together | tripeptide |
| 4-9 amino acids bound together | peptide |
| 10 several thousand amino acids bound together | polypeptide |
| passive movement of a substance down its concentration gradient via transmembrane proteins that act as transorters | facilliated diffusion |
| transport in which cell expends energy to move a substance across the membrane against its concentration gradient through transmembrane proteins that act as transporters | active transport |
| the cell membrane is a fluid substance. the phospholipid molecules in the membrane bi-layers are in constant motion. the amount of cholesterol molecules within the cell membrane affect the fluidity- increased cholersterol makes the membrace less fluid | membrane fluidity |
| the ability to allow substances to pass through the membrane. cell membrane has selective permeability | membrace permeability |
| what can pass through the cell membrane? | non-polar, uncharged molecules such as fatty acids, small alcohols, and ammonia |
| what cant pass through the cell membrane? | larger, polar or charged molecules (with the exception of water) |
| the difference om the concentration of a substance from one location to another. | concentration gradient |
| movement of solute or solvent down their concentration gradients due to random mixing. can occur across a permeable membrane | diffusion |
| the net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane | osmosis |
| factors that affect diffusion across the cell membrane | steepness of gradient, temp, size of diffusing particle, surface area for diffusion, diffusion distance |
Created by:
daniellegagnon
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