These are terms that I was struggling with going into the AP test.
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| show | information acquired by observation or experimentation; "seeing is believing"
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| the American Psychological Association (APA) | show 🗑
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| Likert Scales | show 🗑
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| social desirability bias | show 🗑
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| show | a confounding variable that influences both variables of interest
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| descriptive statistics | show 🗑
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| inferential statistics | show 🗑
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| show | tendency for extreme scores to fall back toward the average
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| show | when a distribution includes more low scores; tail on the right
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| show | when a distribution includes more high scores; tail on the left
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| effect sizes | show 🗑
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| meta analysis | show 🗑
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| show | agreement by a minor or adult not able to give legal consent to participate in research
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| show | the brain's outer layer responsible for thinking and processing information
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| frontal lobes | show 🗑
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| prefrontal cortex | show 🗑
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| show | area at the rear of the frontal lobes responsible for voluntary movements
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| parietal lobes | show 🗑
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| show | area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
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| show | the back part of the brain involved in visual processing
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| show | lower part of cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing, understanding language, and memory
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| brainstem | show 🗑
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| reticular activating system | show 🗑
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| show | brain region involved in emotions and drives
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| thalamus | show 🗑
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| show | brain region controlling several metabolic processes, including temperature and emotions
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| amygdala | show 🗑
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| show | a disease that involves an immune system attack on the myelin sheath of nerve fibers in the central nervous system
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| show | an autoimmune disorder that impairs communication between nerves and muscles
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| glutamate | show 🗑
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| show | a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain; calm inducer
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| show | a neurotransmitter involved in pain perception
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| acetylcholine | show 🗑
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| ghrelin | show 🗑
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| show | a hormone that suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure
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| show | a hormone and neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation
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| show | the arrangement where each hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body
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| show | the control of distinct neurological functions by the left and right hemispheres of the brain
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| show | the region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere involved in producing speech
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| show | a condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing impaired speaking
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| show | a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression
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| show | a condition resulting from damage to Wernicke's area, causing difficulty in understanding or creating coherent speech
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| show | a device that records electrical activity in the brain
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| show | imaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow
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| lesioning | show 🗑
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| shift work | show 🗑
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| NREM Stage 1 | show 🗑
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| show | brief sensory phenomena that occur just before falling asleep or upon awakening
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| show | sleep stage characterized by periodic sleep spindles- bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain activity
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| NREM Stage 3 | show 🗑
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| REM Sleep | show 🗑
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| show | theory that suggests that the brain engages in a lot of random neural activity, dreams make sense of that activity
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| show | proposes that dreams help to process and consolidate memories from that day
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| show | a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks
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| show | a sleep disorder in which sufferers physically act out their dreams
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| show | sleepwalking during deep sleep
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| agonists | show 🗑
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| antagonists | show 🗑
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| transduction | show 🗑
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| just-noticeable difference | show 🗑
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| show | diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
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| show | the principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
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| synesthesia | show 🗑
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| retina | show 🗑
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| blind spot | show 🗑
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| show | the optic nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
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| show | the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
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| show | the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
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| show | a condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly that distant objects because distance objects focus in front of the retina
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| show | a condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina
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| photoreceptors | show 🗑
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| show | retinal receptors that detect black, white, and grey; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond
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| cones | show 🗑
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| show | theory stating that the retina contains three different color receptors for red, green, and blue, which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color
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| show | theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision (ex. red-green)
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| show | the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
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| afterimages | show 🗑
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| ganglion cells | show 🗑
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| show | a form of color blindness characterized by the inability to see one or more colors
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| show | a rare form of color blindness where individuals cannot see any color, only shades of gray
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| show | an inability to recognize the faces of familiar people, typically as a result of damage to the brain
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| show | a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it
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| show | the distance between successive peaks of a wave, typically used in the context of electromagnetic waves
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| pitch | show 🗑
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| amplitude | show 🗑
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| show | the intensity of a sound wave, which humans perceive as volume
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| show | how high or low a sound is perceived, which is related to the frequency of the sound wave
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| place theory | show 🗑
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| volley theory | show 🗑
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| frequency theory | show 🗑
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| show | the ability to determine the origin of a sound in space
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| show | hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
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| show | hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerve
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| thalamus | show 🗑
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| show | individuals who have more taste buds than average and can taste flavors more intensely
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| medium tasters | show 🗑
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| nontasters | show 🗑
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| sensory interaction | show 🗑
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| warm/cold receptors | show 🗑
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| gate control theory | show 🗑
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| show | the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
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| semicircular canals | show 🗑
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| show | the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
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| bottom-up processing | show 🗑
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| top-down processing | show 🗑
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| perceptual set | show 🗑
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| show | an approach emphasizing that the whole of anything is greater that its parts
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| show | the perceptual tendency to mentally complete incomplete figures
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| figure and ground | show 🗑
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| proximity | show 🗑
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| show | ability to attend to only one voice among many
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| inattentional blindness | show 🗑
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| show | failing to notice changes in the environment
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| binocular depth cues | show 🗑
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| retinal disparity | show 🗑
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| show | a binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object
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| show | depth cues available to either eye alone
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| show | a monocular cue for perceiving depth; hazy objects are farther away than sharp, clear objects
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| relative size | show 🗑
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| show | a gradual change from coarse, distinct texture to fine, indistinct texture signals increasing distance
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| linear perspective | show 🗑
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| show | if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer
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| show | perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change
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| apparent movement | show 🗑
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| show | a mental image or example of a category
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| heuristics | show 🗑
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| show | judging likelihood based on how well an example represents a specific category
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| availability heuristic | show 🗑
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| show | a tendency to approach situations in a certain way because that method worked in the past
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| priming | show 🗑
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| show | the way an issue is posed; framing can significantly affect decisions and judgments
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| Gambler's Fallacy | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency to continue an endeavor once an investment in time, money, or effort has been made
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| convergent thinking | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency to perceive the functions of an object as fixed and unchanging
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| testing effect | show 🗑
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| metacognition | show 🗑
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| g (general intelligence) | show 🗑
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| show | theory proposing that there are different types of intelligence that are independent of one another
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| show | the extent to which a test measure that theoretical construct it is intended to measure
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| show | the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
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| stereotype threat | show 🗑
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| stereotype lift | show 🗑
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| Flynn Effect | show 🗑
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| episodic memory | show 🗑
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| semantic memory | show 🗑
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| show | retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
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| show | type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits
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| show | remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time
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| long-term potentiation | show 🗑
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| working memory | show 🗑
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| central executive | show 🗑
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| show | the part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information
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| visuospatial sketchpad | show 🗑
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| multi-store model | show 🗑
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| sensory memory | show 🗑
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| show | a brief sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second
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| echoic memory | show 🗑
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| show | a memory system that retains information for limited durations, closely related to working memory
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| show | theory that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes
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| method of loci | show 🗑
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| show | organizing items into familiar, manageable units to make them easier to remember
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| show | sorting information into logical groupings to improve recall
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| show | arranging information in a structured order from broad to specific or vice versa
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| show | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than massed practice or study
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| memory consolidation | show 🗑
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| massed practice | show 🗑
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| distributed practice | show 🗑
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| show | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
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| primacy effect | show 🗑
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| show | enhanced recall of items at the end of a list
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| show | repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory
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| show | a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself
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| memory retention | show 🗑
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| autobiographical memory | show 🗑
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| retrograde amnesia | show 🗑
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| anterograde amnesia | show 🗑
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| show | the theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better learned when in that same situation or place
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| show | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood
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| show | the theory that information learned in a particular state of mind in more easily recalled when in that same state of mind
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| show | a graph showing retention and forgetting over time
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| show | the brain's occasional failure to create a memory link
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| proactive interference | show 🗑
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| show | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
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| tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon | show 🗑
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| show | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
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| show | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
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| constructive memory | show 🗑
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| memory consolidation | show 🗑
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| show | the increased confidence in a false memory of an event following repeated imagination of the event
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| show | learning to decrease responses to a stimulus after repeated presentations
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| stimulus discrimination | show 🗑
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| higher-order conditioning | show 🗑
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| show | a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning
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| one-trail conditioning | show 🗑
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| the law of effect | show 🗑
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| primary reinforcements | show 🗑
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| show | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
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| reinforcement discrimination | show 🗑
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| reinforcement generalization | show 🗑
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| instinctive drift | show 🗑
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| vicarious conditioning | show 🗑
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| show | a sudden realization of a problem's solution
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| show | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
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| show | the ability to make large, general movements such as walking and crawling
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| show | times in development when a person is particularly open to certain kinds of experiences
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| show | swiss psychologist remembered for his studies in the cognitive development of children
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| show | the ability to attribute mental states- beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, knowledge- to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one's own
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| concrete operation stage | show 🗑
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| formal operation stage | show 🗑
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| show | in Piaget's theory the stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
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| show | in Piaget's theory, the stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
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| Lev Vygotsky | show 🗑
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| scaffolding | show 🗑
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| zone of proximal development | show 🗑
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| crystallized intelligence | show 🗑
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| fluid intelligence | show 🗑
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| show | the smallest units of sound in a language that are distinctive for speakers of the language
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| morphemes | show 🗑
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| show | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs
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| show | applying grammatical rules too widely and therefore creating incorrect forms
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| show | bronfenbenner's theory that describes the nested social and cultural contexts that shape development
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| show | the system closest to a person that they have direct contact with
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| show | the interactions between the different parts of a person's microsystem
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| exosystem | show 🗑
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| macrosystem | show 🗑
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| chronosystem | show 🗑
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| avoidant attachment | show 🗑
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| anxious attachment | show 🗑
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| disorganized attachment | show 🗑
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| show | activity in which children play side by side without interacting
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| show | adolescents' belief in their own uniqueness and invulnerability
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| social clock | show 🗑
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| emerging adulthood | show 🗑
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| stage theory of psychosocial development | show 🗑
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| show | erickson's third stage; child finds independence in planning, playing, and other activities or not
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| industry vs inferiority | show 🗑
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| show | erickson's final stage; those near the end of life reflect on and evaluate their lives
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| adverse childhood experiences | show 🗑
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| show | lack of direction or an apathy toward making important life decisions
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| show | the premature commitment to an identity without adequate consideration of other options
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| show | a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions
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| social comparision | show 🗑
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| relative deprivation | show 🗑
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| show | improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
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| group polarization | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal that when individually accountable
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| attribution theory | show 🗑
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| explanatory style | show 🗑
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| altruism | show 🗑
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| show | an expectation that people will help those needing help
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| show | attitudes that influence a person's feeling and behavior at an unconscious level
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| out-group homogeneity bias | show 🗑
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| ethnocentrism | show 🗑
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| social traps | show 🗑
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| show | a theory of how persuasive messages lead to attitude changes
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| show | persuasion where people pay attention to the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
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| peripheral route of persuasion | show 🗑
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| show | professionals who apply psychological principles and research methods to the workplace
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| hypothalamus | show 🗑
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| pituitary gland | show 🗑
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| arousal theory | show 🗑
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| yerkes-dodson law | show 🗑
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| sensation-seeking theory | show 🗑
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| disinhibition | show 🗑
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| boredom susceptibility | show 🗑
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| incentive theory | show 🗑
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| self-determination theory | show 🗑
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| lewin's motivational conflicts theory | show 🗑
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| display rules | show 🗑
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| show | stimuli that trigger a physiological response, often an emotional one
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| show | theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly, allowing us to see the "big picture" we otherwise might have overlooked
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| reaction formation | show 🗑
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| sublimation | show 🗑
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| self-efficacy | show 🗑
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| big five theory | show 🗑
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| personality inventories | show 🗑
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| show | a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test
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| conscientiousness | show 🗑
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| show | positive stress which can help to improve performance
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||||
| show | negative stress that can cause anxiety or concern and can decrease performance
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| general adaptation syndrome | show 🗑
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| alarm reaction phase | show 🗑
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| resistance phase | show 🗑
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| show | the third phase, where the body's resources are depleted
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| tend-and-befriend theory | show 🗑
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| positive psychology | show 🗑
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| posttraumatic growth | show 🗑
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| show | a system used by WHO for classifying psychological disorders
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| eclectic approach | show 🗑
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| show | suggests that a person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
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||||
| show | fear of heights
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| show | a syndrome among individuals of Latino descent, characterized by symptoms of intense emotional upset
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| show | a japanese cultural syndrome characterized by a person's intense fear that their body, body parts, or bodily functions give offense to others
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| Bipolar I Disorder | show 🗑
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| show | a type of bipolar disorder marked by mildly manic episodes and major depressive episodes
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| neurodevelopmental disorders | show 🗑
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| disorganized motor behavior | show 🗑
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| show | a marked lack of expressed emotions
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| show | the theory that schizophrenia results from excessive activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine
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| dissociative fugue | show 🗑
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| cluster A personality | show 🗑
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| show | distrust in others, seeing them as deceptive or malevolent without evidence
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| schizoid personality disorder | show 🗑
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| show | discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior
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| cluster B personality | show 🗑
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| show | disregard for and violation of the rights of others
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|
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| histrionic personality disorder | show 🗑
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| show | instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects
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|
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| show | personality disorders characterized by anxious, fearful thinking or behavior
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| avoidant personality disorder | show 🗑
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| dependent personality disorder | show 🗑
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| show | treatments that are supported by research
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|
||||
| cultural humility | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the relationship between a healthcare professional and a client
🗑
|
||||
| show | the duty to do no harm
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|
||||
| free association | show 🗑
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| show | a humanistic therapy where therapists use techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth
🗑
|
||||
| show | therapies designed to identify and change maladaptive thinking patterns, perceptions, and behaviors through techniques like cognitive restructuring
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| maladaptive thinking | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs
🗑
|
||||
| show | an irrational and pessimistic view of the three key elements of a person's belief system present in depression: oneself, the future, and the world
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|
||||
| show | a scientific technique concerned with applying empirical approaches based upon the principles of respondent and operant conditioning to change behavior of social significance
🗑
|
||||
| show | a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
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|
||||
| aversion therapy | show 🗑
|
||||
| token economies | show 🗑
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||||
| show | a process whereby electronic monitoring of a normally automatic bodily function is used to train someone to acquire voluntary control of that function
🗑
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| cognitive-behavior therapies | show 🗑
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| show | a cognitive-behavioral approach that emphasizes the psychosocial aspects of treatment
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| rational-emotive behavior therapy | show 🗑
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| show | the treatment of psychiatric disorders with medications that affect brain chemistry
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| show | chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods
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| show | a chemical used to counteract mood swings of bipolar disorder
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| tardive dyskinesia | show 🗑
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| show | the removal or destruction of part of the brain
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| show | a method used to study the brain and to treat some psychological disorders by stimulating the brain with powerful magnets
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| show | a treatment that involves inducing seizures with the use of electrical current to treat sever depression
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
alanarittgers
Popular Social Studies sets