These are terms that I was struggling with going into the AP test.
Help!
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| show | information acquired by observation or experimentation; "seeing is believing"
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| show | leading scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the US
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| Likert Scales | show 🗑
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| show | a tendency to give socially approved answers
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| show | a confounding variable that influences both variables of interest
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| descriptive statistics | show 🗑
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| inferential statistics | show 🗑
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| regression to the mean | show 🗑
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| positive skew | show 🗑
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| negative skew | show 🗑
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| show | a quantitative measure of the magnitude of the experimental effect
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| meta analysis | show 🗑
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| show | agreement by a minor or adult not able to give legal consent to participate in research
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| show | the brain's outer layer responsible for thinking and processing information
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| show | involved in speaking, muscle movements, and making plans
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| prefrontal cortex | show 🗑
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| show | area at the rear of the frontal lobes responsible for voluntary movements
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| parietal lobes | show 🗑
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| show | area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
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| occipital lobes | show 🗑
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| show | lower part of cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing, understanding language, and memory
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| brainstem | show 🗑
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| show | network of neurons in the brainstem essential for arousal and attention
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| show | brain region involved in emotions and drives
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| show | brain's relay station for sensory information
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| hypothalamus | show 🗑
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| amygdala | show 🗑
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| show | a disease that involves an immune system attack on the myelin sheath of nerve fibers in the central nervous system
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| myasthenia gravis | show 🗑
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| glutamate | show 🗑
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| GABA | show 🗑
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| show | a neurotransmitter involved in pain perception
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| acetylcholine | show 🗑
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| show | a hormone that increases food intake and promotes fat storage
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| leptin | show 🗑
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| norepinephrine | show 🗑
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| show | the arrangement where each hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body
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| hemispheric specialization | show 🗑
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| Broca's Area | show 🗑
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| show | a condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing impaired speaking
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| show | a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression
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| show | a condition resulting from damage to Wernicke's area, causing difficulty in understanding or creating coherent speech
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| electroencephalogram (EEG) | show 🗑
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| functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) | show 🗑
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| show | damaging precise brain areas to study their functions in behaviors and mental processes
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| shift work | show 🗑
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| NREM Stage 1 | show 🗑
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| hypnagogic sensations | show 🗑
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| NREM Stage 2 | show 🗑
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| show | deepest sleep stage during which brain emits delta waves
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| show | a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity; a dream state
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| activation-synthesis | show 🗑
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| show | proposes that dreams help to process and consolidate memories from that day
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| narcolepsy | show 🗑
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| show | a sleep disorder in which sufferers physically act out their dreams
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| somnambulism | show 🗑
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| show | drugs that increase neurotransmitter action
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| antagonists | show 🗑
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| show | conversion of one form of energy into another. in sensation, transforming stimulus into neural impulses.
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| show | the minimal change in stimulus that can just barely be detected
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| show | diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
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| Weber's Law | show 🗑
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| synesthesia | show 🗑
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| show | the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones plus layers of other neurons that process visual information
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| blind spot | show 🗑
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| visual nerve | show 🗑
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| lens | show 🗑
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| accomodation | show 🗑
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| show | a condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly that distant objects because distance objects focus in front of the retina
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| farsightedness | show 🗑
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| show | rods and cones located in the retina that convert light energy into neural signals
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| rods | show 🗑
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| show | retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. the cones detect fine details and give rise to color sensations.
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| show | theory stating that the retina contains three different color receptors for red, green, and blue, which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color
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| opponent-process theory | show 🗑
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| show | the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
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| show | visual illusions that occur after the initial visual stimulus has been removed, typically when staring at a colored image then looking away
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| ganglion cells | show 🗑
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| dichromatism | show 🗑
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| show | a rare form of color blindness where individuals cannot see any color, only shades of gray
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| prosopagnosia | show 🗑
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| show | a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it
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| wavelength | show 🗑
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| show | a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency
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| show | the height of a wave's crest, which affects perceived loudness in sounds
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| loudness | show 🗑
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| show | how high or low a sound is perceived, which is related to the frequency of the sound wave
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| show | theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
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| volley theory | show 🗑
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| frequency theory | show 🗑
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| sound localization | show 🗑
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| show | hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
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| show | hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerve
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| show | the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
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| supertasters | show 🗑
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| medium tasters | show 🗑
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| show | individuals who have fewer taste buds that average and taste flavors less intensely
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| sensory interaction | show 🗑
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| warm/cold receptors | show 🗑
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| gate control theory | show 🗑
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| show | the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
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| semicircular canals | show 🗑
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| kinesthesis | show 🗑
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| bottom-up processing | show 🗑
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| top-down processing | show 🗑
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| show | a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
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| show | an approach emphasizing that the whole of anything is greater that its parts
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| closure | show 🗑
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| show | organizing the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)
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| proximity | show 🗑
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| show | ability to attend to only one voice among many
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| inattentional blindness | show 🗑
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| change blindness | show 🗑
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| binocular depth cues | show 🗑
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| show | a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes; the brain computes distance
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| show | a binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object
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| show | depth cues available to either eye alone
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| show | a monocular cue for perceiving depth; hazy objects are farther away than sharp, clear objects
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| show | a monocular cue that smaller objects are perceived as more distant
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| show | a gradual change from coarse, distinct texture to fine, indistinct texture signals increasing distance
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| linear perspective | show 🗑
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| interposition | show 🗑
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| perceptual constancies | show 🗑
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| show | the perception that a stationary object is movement;
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| show | a mental image or example of a category
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| show | shortcuts or rules of thumb for problem-solving; faster than algorithms but not guaranteed to work
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| representativeness heuristic | show 🗑
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| availability heuristic | show 🗑
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| mental set | show 🗑
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| show | the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
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| show | the way an issue is posed; framing can significantly affect decisions and judgments
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| show | the belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event of the event hasn't occurred recently
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| Sunk-Cost Falllacy | show 🗑
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| show | a type of critical thinking in which one focuses on finding a single, correct answer
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| functional fixedness | show 🗑
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| show | enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simple re-reading, information
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| show | thinking about thinking; awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes
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| show | a factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on an intelligence test
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| show | theory proposing that there are different types of intelligence that are independent of one another
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| show | the extent to which a test measure that theoretical construct it is intended to measure
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| predictive validity | show 🗑
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| show | anxiety that one's behavior might confirm a negative stereotype about one's group
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| stereotype lift | show 🗑
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| show | the observed rise over time in standardized intelligence test scores
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| episodic memory | show 🗑
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| semantic memory | show 🗑
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| show | retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
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| show | type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits
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| prospective memory | show 🗑
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| show | an increase in a synapses firing potential after brief, rapid, stimulation; believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
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| show | a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming and auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from the long-term memory
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| show | the part of working memory that directs attention and processing
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| phonological loop | show 🗑
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| visuospatial sketchpad | show 🗑
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| multi-store model | show 🗑
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| show | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
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| show | a brief sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second
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| show | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
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| show | a memory system that retains information for limited durations, closely related to working memory
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| show | theory that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes
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| method of loci | show 🗑
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| show | organizing items into familiar, manageable units to make them easier to remember
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| categories-grouping | show 🗑
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| show | arranging information in a structured order from broad to specific or vice versa
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| show | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than massed practice or study
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| show | the process by which memories become stable in the brain, usually occurring during sleep
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| massed practice | show 🗑
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| show | spreading out study sessions over time with breaks in between
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| serial position effect | show 🗑
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| show | enhanced recall of items at the beginning of a list
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| recency effect | show 🗑
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| maintenance rehearsal | show 🗑
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| elaborative rehearsal | show 🗑
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| memory retention | show 🗑
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| show | memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life, based on a combination of episodic ad semantic memory
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| retrograde amnesia | show 🗑
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| show | an inability to form new memories
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| context-dependent memory | show 🗑
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| mood-congruent memory | show 🗑
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| state-dependent theory | show 🗑
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| the forgetting curve | show 🗑
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| show | the brain's occasional failure to create a memory link
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| show | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
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| retroactive interference | show 🗑
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| tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon | show 🗑
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| show | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
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| show | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
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| constructive memory | show 🗑
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| show | the neural process be which encoded information becomes stored in memory
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| imagination inflation | show 🗑
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| habituation (non-associative learning) | show 🗑
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| stimulus discrimination | show 🗑
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| show | a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neural, creating a second conditioned stimulus
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| counterconditioning | show 🗑
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| one-trail conditioning | show 🗑
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| the law of effect | show 🗑
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| show | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
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| secondary reinforcements | show 🗑
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| reinforcement discrimination | show 🗑
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| reinforcement generalization | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency for animals to revert to instinctive behaviors that interferes with learning
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| show | learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action
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| show | a sudden realization of a problem's solution
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| latent learning | show 🗑
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| gross motor coordination | show 🗑
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| sensitive periods | show 🗑
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| show | swiss psychologist remembered for his studies in the cognitive development of children
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| theory of mind | show 🗑
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| show | in Piaget's theory, the state of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
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| formal operation stage | show 🗑
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| show | in Piaget's theory the stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
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| preoperational stage | show 🗑
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| Lev Vygotsky | show 🗑
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| show | a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking
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| show | vygotsky's theory of the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children
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| show | the accumulated knowledge and verbal skills that increase with age
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| fluid intelligence | show 🗑
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| show | the smallest units of sound in a language that are distinctive for speakers of the language
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| show | the smallest units of meaning in a language
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| show | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs
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| show | applying grammatical rules too widely and therefore creating incorrect forms
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| show | bronfenbenner's theory that describes the nested social and cultural contexts that shape development
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| microsystem | show 🗑
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| mesosystem | show 🗑
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| show | external environmental settings that a person does not experience directly but that can affect them in one of their immediate environments
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| show | the cultural values, laws, customs, and resources that influence the other systems
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| show | the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course as well as sociohistorical circumstances
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| show | an attachment style characterized by difficulty developing intimate relationships
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| anxious attachment | show 🗑
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| disorganized attachment | show 🗑
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| show | activity in which children play side by side without interacting
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| show | adolescents' belief in their own uniqueness and invulnerability
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| social clock | show 🗑
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| show | a period from about 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved independence adults
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| stage theory of psychosocial development | show 🗑
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| show | erickson's third stage; child finds independence in planning, playing, and other activities or not
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| show | erickson's fourth stage; child learns to be productive or feel inferior
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| integrity vs despair | show 🗑
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| show | stressful or traumatic events in childhood that impact an individual's health and well-being throughout life
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| diffusion | show 🗑
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| foreclosure | show 🗑
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| show | a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions
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| social comparision | show 🗑
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| show | the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
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| social facilitation | show 🗑
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| show | the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
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| show | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal that when individually accountable
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| show | the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
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| explanatory style | show 🗑
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| altruism | show 🗑
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| social responsibility norm | show 🗑
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| show | attitudes that influence a person's feeling and behavior at an unconscious level
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| out-group homogeneity bias | show 🗑
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| ethnocentrism | show 🗑
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| social traps | show 🗑
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| show | a theory of how persuasive messages lead to attitude changes
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| central route of persuasion | show 🗑
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| show | persuasion where people are swayed by surface characteristics
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| show | professionals who apply psychological principles and research methods to the workplace
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| show | a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs eating, drinking, body temperature, works with pituitary gland to govern endocrine system, and is linked to emotion and reward
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| pituitary gland | show 🗑
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| show | the theory that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation
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| show | the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
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| sensation-seeking theory | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency to transmit messages without considering their consequences
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| show | the tendency to become easily bored by familiar, repeated experiences
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| show | a theory of motivation asserting that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli
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| self-determination theory | show 🗑
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| show | a theory that describes situations in which there are conflicts between different types of motivations
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| display rules | show 🗑
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| show | stimuli that trigger a physiological response, often an emotional one
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| show | theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly, allowing us to see the "big picture" we otherwise might have overlooked
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| show | defense mechanism in which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites
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| sublimation | show 🗑
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| self-efficacy | show 🗑
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| show | a trait theory that identifies five main characteristics that account for most individual differences in personality: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
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| personality inventories | show 🗑
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| show | a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test
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| show | a personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized
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| show | positive stress which can help to improve performance
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| show | negative stress that can cause anxiety or concern and can decrease performance
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| general adaptation syndrome | show 🗑
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| alarm reaction phase | show 🗑
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| resistance phase | show 🗑
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| exhaustion phase | show 🗑
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| tend-and-befriend theory | show 🗑
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| positive psychology | show 🗑
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| posttraumatic growth | show 🗑
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| international classification of mental disorders | show 🗑
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| show | a therapeutic approach combining methods from different therapies based on the client's needs
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| diathesis-stress model | show 🗑
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| acrophobia | show 🗑
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| ataque de nervios | show 🗑
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| Taijin Kyofusho | show 🗑
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| Bipolar I Disorder | show 🗑
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| show | a type of bipolar disorder marked by mildly manic episodes and major depressive episodes
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| neurodevelopmental disorders | show 🗑
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| show | a variety of abnormalities associated with schizophrenia, including silliness, unpredictable agitation, or lack of response
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| show | a marked lack of expressed emotions
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| dopamine hypothesis | show 🗑
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| dissociative fugue | show 🗑
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| cluster A personality | show 🗑
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| show | distrust in others, seeing them as deceptive or malevolent without evidence
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| schizoid personality disorder | show 🗑
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| schizotypal personality disorder | show 🗑
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| cluster B personality | show 🗑
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| antisocial personality disorder | show 🗑
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| show | excessive emotionality and attention seeking
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| borderline personality disorder | show 🗑
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| show | personality disorders characterized by anxious, fearful thinking or behavior
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| avoidant personality disorder | show 🗑
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| dependent personality disorder | show 🗑
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| evidence-based interventions | show 🗑
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| cultural humility | show 🗑
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| show | the relationship between a healthcare professional and a client
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| nonmaleficence | show 🗑
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| show | a method used in psychodynamic therapy where patients are encouraged to say whatever comes to mind without filter
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| show | a humanistic therapy where therapists use techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth
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||||
| show | therapies designed to identify and change maladaptive thinking patterns, perceptions, and behaviors through techniques like cognitive restructuring
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| maladaptive thinking | show 🗑
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| show | a therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs
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| show | an irrational and pessimistic view of the three key elements of a person's belief system present in depression: oneself, the future, and the world
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| applied behavior analysis | show 🗑
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| systematic desensitization | show 🗑
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| aversion therapy | show 🗑
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| token economies | show 🗑
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| biofeedback | show 🗑
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| cognitive-behavior therapies | show 🗑
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| dialectical behavior therapy | show 🗑
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| rational-emotive behavior therapy | show 🗑
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| psychotropic medication therapy | show 🗑
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| psychoactive medication | show 🗑
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| lithium | show 🗑
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| tardive dyskinesia | show 🗑
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| show | the removal or destruction of part of the brain
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| transcranial magnetic stimulation | show 🗑
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| electroconvulsive therapy | show 🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
alanarittgers
Popular Social Studies sets