Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
AP Psych Review
These are terms that I was struggling with going into the AP test.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| empirical evidence | information acquired by observation or experimentation; "seeing is believing" |
| the American Psychological Association (APA) | leading scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the US |
| Likert Scales | scale used to represent people's attitude to a topic |
| social desirability bias | a tendency to give socially approved answers |
| third variable problem | a confounding variable that influences both variables of interest |
| descriptive statistics | statistics that summarize data from a sample |
| inferential statistics | statistics that infer the properties of a population |
| regression to the mean | tendency for extreme scores to fall back toward the average |
| positive skew | when a distribution includes more low scores; tail on the right |
| negative skew | when a distribution includes more high scores; tail on the left |
| effect sizes | a quantitative measure of the magnitude of the experimental effect |
| meta analysis | a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies |
| informed assent | agreement by a minor or adult not able to give legal consent to participate in research |
| cerebral cortex | the brain's outer layer responsible for thinking and processing information |
| frontal lobes | involved in speaking, muscle movements, and making plans |
| prefrontal cortex | part of the frontal lobes involved in decision making and cognitive behavior |
| motor cortex | area at the rear of the frontal lobes responsible for voluntary movements |
| parietal lobes | located in upper back area of the skull, responsible for processing sensory information |
| somatosensory cortex | area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations |
| occipital lobes | the back part of the brain involved in visual processing |
| temporal lobes | lower part of cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing, understanding language, and memory |
| brainstem | the oldest part of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions |
| reticular activating system | network of neurons in the brainstem essential for arousal and attention |
| limbic system | brain region involved in emotions and drives |
| thalamus | brain's relay station for sensory information |
| hypothalamus | brain region controlling several metabolic processes, including temperature and emotions |
| amygdala | almond-shaped clusters in the limbic system linked to emotion, especially fear |
| multiple sclerosis (MS) | a disease that involves an immune system attack on the myelin sheath of nerve fibers in the central nervous system |
| myasthenia gravis | an autoimmune disorder that impairs communication between nerves and muscles |
| glutamate | a major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in information transmission throughout the brain |
| GABA | a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain; calm inducer |
| Substance P | a neurotransmitter involved in pain perception |
| acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction |
| ghrelin | a hormone that increases food intake and promotes fat storage |
| leptin | a hormone that suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure |
| norepinephrine | a hormone and neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation |
| contralateral hemispheric organization | the arrangement where each hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body |
| hemispheric specialization | the control of distinct neurological functions by the left and right hemispheres of the brain |
| Broca's Area | the region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere involved in producing speech |
| Broca's Aphasia | a condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing impaired speaking |
| Wernicke's Area | a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression |
| Wernicke's Aphasia | a condition resulting from damage to Wernicke's area, causing difficulty in understanding or creating coherent speech |
| electroencephalogram (EEG) | a device that records electrical activity in the brain |
| functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) | imaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow |
| lesioning | damaging precise brain areas to study their functions in behaviors and mental processes |
| shift work | jobs that require workers to be on duty at times when most people are asleep, affecting circadian rhythms |
| NREM Stage 1 | the lightest stage of sleep, often marked by slowed breathing and heart rate |
| hypnagogic sensations | brief sensory phenomena that occur just before falling asleep or upon awakening |
| NREM Stage 2 | sleep stage characterized by periodic sleep spindles- bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain activity |
| NREM Stage 3 | deepest sleep stage during which brain emits delta waves |
| REM Sleep | a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity; a dream state |
| activation-synthesis | theory that suggests that the brain engages in a lot of random neural activity, dreams make sense of that activity |
| consolidation theory | proposes that dreams help to process and consolidate memories from that day |
| narcolepsy | a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks |
| REM sleep behavior disorder | a sleep disorder in which sufferers physically act out their dreams |
| somnambulism | sleepwalking during deep sleep |
| agonists | drugs that increase neurotransmitter action |
| antagonists | drugs that inhibit neurotransmitter action |
| transduction | conversion of one form of energy into another. in sensation, transforming stimulus into neural impulses. |
| just-noticeable difference | the minimal change in stimulus that can just barely be detected |
| sensory adaptation | diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
| Weber's Law | the principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage |
| synesthesia | the perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway |
| retina | the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones plus layers of other neurons that process visual information |
| blind spot | the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there |
| visual nerve | the optic nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
| lens | the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina |
| accomodation | the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina |
| nearsightedness | a condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly that distant objects because distance objects focus in front of the retina |
| farsightedness | a condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina |
| photoreceptors | rods and cones located in the retina that convert light energy into neural signals |
| rods | retinal receptors that detect black, white, and grey; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond |
| cones | retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. the cones detect fine details and give rise to color sensations. |
| trichromatic theory | theory stating that the retina contains three different color receptors for red, green, and blue, which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color |
| opponent-process theory | theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision (ex. red-green) |
| fovea | the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster |
| afterimages | visual illusions that occur after the initial visual stimulus has been removed, typically when staring at a colored image then looking away |
| ganglion cells | neurons in the retina that connect to the bipolar cells; their axons from the optic nerve |
| dichromatism | a form of color blindness characterized by the inability to see one or more colors |
| monochromatism | a rare form of color blindness where individuals cannot see any color, only shades of gray |
| prosopagnosia | an inability to recognize the faces of familiar people, typically as a result of damage to the brain |
| blindsight | a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it |
| wavelength | the distance between successive peaks of a wave, typically used in the context of electromagnetic waves |
| pitch | a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency |
| amplitude | the height of a wave's crest, which affects perceived loudness in sounds |
| loudness | the intensity of a sound wave, which humans perceive as volume |
| pitch perception | how high or low a sound is perceived, which is related to the frequency of the sound wave |
| place theory | theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated |
| volley theory | the theory that relates the frequency of a sound to the pulsing of the auditory neurons |
| frequency theory | theory stating that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, allowing us to sense pitch |
| sound localization | the ability to determine the origin of a sound in space |
| conduction deafness | hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea |
| sensorineural deafness | hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerve |
| thalamus | the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla |
| supertasters | individuals who have more taste buds than average and can taste flavors more intensely |
| medium tasters | individuals with an average number of taste buds, experiencing average intensity of flavors |
| nontasters | individuals who have fewer taste buds that average and taste flavors less intensely |
| sensory interaction | the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste |
| warm/cold receptors | sensory receptors that respond to temperature changes |
| gate control theory | |
| vestibular sense | the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance |
| semicircular canals | structures in the ear involved in maintaining balance |
| kinesthesis | the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts |
| bottom-up processing | analysis starting with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information |
| top-down processing | information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, drawing on our expectations and experiences |
| perceptual set | a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another |
| Gestalt Psychology | an approach emphasizing that the whole of anything is greater that its parts |
| closure | the perceptual tendency to mentally complete incomplete figures |
| figure and ground | organizing the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground) |
| proximity | grouping nearby figures together |
| cocktail party effect | ability to attend to only one voice among many |
| inattentional blindness | failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
| change blindness | failing to notice changes in the environment |
| binocular depth cues | depth cues that depend on the use of two eyes |
| retinal disparity | a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes; the brain computes distance |
| convergence | a binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object |
| monocular depth cues | depth cues available to either eye alone |
| relative clarity | a monocular cue for perceiving depth; hazy objects are farther away than sharp, clear objects |
| relative size | a monocular cue that smaller objects are perceived as more distant |
| texture gradient | a gradual change from coarse, distinct texture to fine, indistinct texture signals increasing distance |
| linear perspective | parallel lines appear to converge with distance |
| interposition | if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer |
| perceptual constancies | perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change |
| apparent movement | the perception that a stationary object is movement; |
| prototypes | a mental image or example of a category |
| heuristics | shortcuts or rules of thumb for problem-solving; faster than algorithms but not guaranteed to work |
| representativeness heuristic | judging likelihood based on how well an example represents a specific category |
| availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common |
| mental set | a tendency to approach situations in a certain way because that method worked in the past |
| priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory |
| framing | the way an issue is posed; framing can significantly affect decisions and judgments |
| Gambler's Fallacy | the belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event of the event hasn't occurred recently |
| Sunk-Cost Falllacy | the tendency to continue an endeavor once an investment in time, money, or effort has been made |
| convergent thinking | a type of critical thinking in which one focuses on finding a single, correct answer |
| functional fixedness | the tendency to perceive the functions of an object as fixed and unchanging |
| testing effect | enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simple re-reading, information |
| metacognition | thinking about thinking; awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes |
| g (general intelligence) | a factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on an intelligence test |
| multiple intelligence | theory proposing that there are different types of intelligence that are independent of one another |
| construct validity | the extent to which a test measure that theoretical construct it is intended to measure |
| predictive validity | the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior |
| stereotype threat | anxiety that one's behavior might confirm a negative stereotype about one's group |
| stereotype lift | performance improvement that results when threats are removed and individuals are reminded that they might outperform others |
| Flynn Effect | the observed rise over time in standardized intelligence test scores |
| episodic memory | the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place |
| semantic memory | memory for knowledge about the world |
| implicit memory | retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection |
| procedural memory | type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits |
| prospective memory | remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time |
| long-term potentiation | an increase in a synapses firing potential after brief, rapid, stimulation; believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory |
| working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming and auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from the long-term memory |
| central executive | the part of working memory that directs attention and processing |
| phonological loop | the part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information |
| visuospatial sketchpad | the part of working memory that holds visual and spatial information |
| multi-store model | a memory model that suggests information flows through a series of storage systems |
| sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| iconic memory | a brief sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second |
| echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
| short-term memory | a memory system that retains information for limited durations, closely related to working memory |
| levels of processing model | theory that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes |
| method of loci | a mnemonic device that involves imagining placing items you want to remember along a familiar path |
| chunking-grouping | organizing items into familiar, manageable units to make them easier to remember |
| categories-grouping | sorting information into logical groupings to improve recall |
| hierarchies-grouping | arranging information in a structured order from broad to specific or vice versa |
| spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than massed practice or study |
| memory consolidation | the process by which memories become stable in the brain, usually occurring during sleep |
| massed practice | cramming information all at once; less effective than spacing the information out over time |
| distributed practice | spreading out study sessions over time with breaks in between |
| serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list |
| primacy effect | enhanced recall of items at the beginning of a list |
| recency effect | enhanced recall of items at the end of a list |
| maintenance rehearsal | repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory |
| elaborative rehearsal | a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself |
| memory retention | the ability to retain information over time through storage and retrieval of information |
| autobiographical memory | memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life, based on a combination of episodic ad semantic memory |
| retrograde amnesia | an inability to retrieve information from one's past |
| anterograde amnesia | an inability to form new memories |
| context-dependent memory | the theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better learned when in that same situation or place |
| mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood |
| state-dependent theory | the theory that information learned in a particular state of mind in more easily recalled when in that same state of mind |
| the forgetting curve | a graph showing retention and forgetting over time |
| encoding failure | the brain's occasional failure to create a memory link |
| proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
| retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
| tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon | the temporary inability to recall information that feels is just out of reach |
| misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
| source amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined |
| constructive memory | memory that utilizes knowledge and expectations to fill in the missing details in retrieved memory traces |
| memory consolidation | the neural process be which encoded information becomes stored in memory |
| imagination inflation | the increased confidence in a false memory of an event following repeated imagination of the event |
| habituation (non-associative learning) | learning to decrease responses to a stimulus after repeated presentations |
| stimulus discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
| higher-order conditioning | a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neural, creating a second conditioned stimulus |
| counterconditioning | a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning |
| one-trail conditioning | conditioning that occurs with only one pairing of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli |
| the law of effect | Thorndlike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| primary reinforcements | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
| secondary reinforcements | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer |
| reinforcement discrimination | occurs when only specific responses are reinforced |
| reinforcement generalization | the tendency to respond to the stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus in operant conditioning |
| instinctive drift | the tendency for animals to revert to instinctive behaviors that interferes with learning |
| vicarious conditioning | learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action |
| insight learning | a sudden realization of a problem's solution |
| latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| gross motor coordination | the ability to make large, general movements such as walking and crawling |
| sensitive periods | times in development when a person is particularly open to certain kinds of experiences |
| Jean Piaget | swiss psychologist remembered for his studies in the cognitive development of children |
| theory of mind | the ability to attribute mental states- beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, knowledge- to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one's own |
| concrete operation stage | in Piaget's theory, the state of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events |
| formal operation stage | in Piaget's theory, the state of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts |
| sensorimotor stage | in Piaget's theory the stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities |
| preoperational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic |
| Lev Vygotsky | Russian psychologist who emphasized the role of the social environment on cognitive development and proposed the zone of proximal development |
| scaffolding | a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking |
| zone of proximal development | vygotsky's theory of the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children |
| crystallized intelligence | the accumulated knowledge and verbal skills that increase with age |
| fluid intelligence | the ability to reason speedily and abstractly, which tends to decease during late adulthood |
| phonemes | the smallest units of sound in a language that are distinctive for speakers of the language |
| morphemes | the smallest units of meaning in a language |
| telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs |
| overgeneralization of language rules | applying grammatical rules too widely and therefore creating incorrect forms |
| ecological systems theory | bronfenbenner's theory that describes the nested social and cultural contexts that shape development |
| microsystem | the system closest to a person that they have direct contact with |
| mesosystem | the interactions between the different parts of a person's microsystem |
| exosystem | external environmental settings that a person does not experience directly but that can affect them in one of their immediate environments |
| macrosystem | the cultural values, laws, customs, and resources that influence the other systems |
| chronosystem | the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course as well as sociohistorical circumstances |
| avoidant attachment | an attachment style characterized by difficulty developing intimate relationships |
| anxious attachment | an attachment style characterized by concern that others will not reciprocate one's desire for intimacy |
| disorganized attachment | an attachment style characterized by inconsistent or contradictory behavior patterns in relationships |
| parallel play | activity in which children play side by side without interacting |
| personal fable | adolescents' belief in their own uniqueness and invulnerability |
| social clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement |
| emerging adulthood | a period from about 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved independence adults |
| stage theory of psychosocial development | Erik Erickson's theory that individuals pass through eight developmental stages |
| initiative vs guilt | erickson's third stage; child finds independence in planning, playing, and other activities or not |
| industry vs inferiority | erickson's fourth stage; child learns to be productive or feel inferior |
| integrity vs despair | erickson's final stage; those near the end of life reflect on and evaluate their lives |
| adverse childhood experiences | stressful or traumatic events in childhood that impact an individual's health and well-being throughout life |
| diffusion | lack of direction or an apathy toward making important life decisions |
| foreclosure | the premature commitment to an identity without adequate consideration of other options |
| moratorium | a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions |
| social comparision | evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others |
| relative deprivation | the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself |
| social facilitation | improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others |
| group polarization | the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group |
| social loafing | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal that when individually accountable |
| attribution theory | the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition |
| explanatory style | a person's habitual way of explaining events, typically assessed along three dimensions: internal/external, stable/unstable, and global/specific |
| altruism | unselfish regard for the welfare of helping others |
| social responsibility norm | an expectation that people will help those needing help |
| implicit attitudes | attitudes that influence a person's feeling and behavior at an unconscious level |
| out-group homogeneity bias | perception of out-group members as more similar to one another than are in-group members |
| ethnocentrism | believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group |
| social traps | a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their best interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior |
| elaboration likelihood model | a theory of how persuasive messages lead to attitude changes |
| central route of persuasion | persuasion where people pay attention to the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts |
| peripheral route of persuasion | persuasion where people are swayed by surface characteristics |
| industrial-organizational psychologists | professionals who apply psychological principles and research methods to the workplace |
| hypothalamus | a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs eating, drinking, body temperature, works with pituitary gland to govern endocrine system, and is linked to emotion and reward |
| pituitary gland | the endocrine system's most influential gland; regulates and controls other endocrine glands |
| arousal theory | the theory that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation |
| yerkes-dodson law | the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases |
| sensation-seeking theory | the search for experiences and feelings that are varied, novel, complex, and intense |
| disinhibition | the tendency to transmit messages without considering their consequences |
| boredom susceptibility | the tendency to become easily bored by familiar, repeated experiences |
| incentive theory | a theory of motivation asserting that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli |
| self-determination theory | a theory of motivation that is concern with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation |
| lewin's motivational conflicts theory | a theory that describes situations in which there are conflicts between different types of motivations |
| display rules | culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display |
| elicitors | stimuli that trigger a physiological response, often an emotional one |
| broaden-and-build theory of emotion | theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly, allowing us to see the "big picture" we otherwise might have overlooked |
| reaction formation | defense mechanism in which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites |
| sublimation | defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities |
| self-efficacy | one's sense of competence and effectiveness |
| big five theory | a trait theory that identifies five main characteristics that account for most individual differences in personality: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism |
| personality inventories | a type of questionnaire designed to reveal the respondent's personality traits |
| factor analysis | a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test |
| conscientiousness | a personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized |
| eustress | positive stress which can help to improve performance |
| distress | negative stress that can cause anxiety or concern and can decrease performance |
| general adaptation syndrome | Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases- alarm, resistance, and exhaustion |
| alarm reaction phase | the initial reaction to a stressor, activating the body's defenses |
| resistance phase | the second phase, during which the body adapts to and uses resources to cope with a stressor |
| exhaustion phase | the third phase, where the body's resources are depleted |
| tend-and-befriend theory | theory that suggests people, especially women, seek social alliances to manage stress |
| positive psychology | the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goal of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive |
| posttraumatic growth | positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises |
| international classification of mental disorders | a system used by WHO for classifying psychological disorders |
| eclectic approach | a therapeutic approach combining methods from different therapies based on the client's needs |
| diathesis-stress model | suggests that a person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress |
| acrophobia | fear of heights |
| ataque de nervios | a syndrome among individuals of Latino descent, characterized by symptoms of intense emotional upset |
| Taijin Kyofusho | a japanese cultural syndrome characterized by a person's intense fear that their body, body parts, or bodily functions give offense to others |
| Bipolar I Disorder | a type of bipolar spectrum disorder characterized by at least one manic episode with or without mixed or depressive episodes |
| Bipolar II Disorder | a type of bipolar disorder marked by mildly manic episodes and major depressive episodes |
| neurodevelopmental disorders | group of disorders that affect the development of the nervous system, leading to abnormal brain function |
| disorganized motor behavior | a variety of abnormalities associated with schizophrenia, including silliness, unpredictable agitation, or lack of response |
| flat affect | a marked lack of expressed emotions |
| dopamine hypothesis | the theory that schizophrenia results from excessive activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine |
| dissociative fugue | a type of amnesia involving flight from one's home and identity |
| cluster A personality | personality disorders characterized by odd or eccentric thinking |
| paranoid personality disorder | distrust in others, seeing them as deceptive or malevolent without evidence |
| schizoid personality disorder | detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression |
| schizotypal personality disorder | discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior |
| cluster B personality | personality disorders characterized by dramatic, overly emotional, or unpredictable thinking or behavior |
| antisocial personality disorder | disregard for and violation of the rights of others |
| histrionic personality disorder | excessive emotionality and attention seeking |
| borderline personality disorder | instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects |
| cluster C personality | personality disorders characterized by anxious, fearful thinking or behavior |
| avoidant personality disorder | extreme shyness, feelings of inadequacy, and sensitivity to rejection |
| dependent personality disorder | excessive need to be taken care of |
| evidence-based interventions | treatments that are supported by research |
| cultural humility | an approach to engagement across cultures that emphasizes openness and self-awareness in learning about other's cultural identities |
| therapeutic alliance | the relationship between a healthcare professional and a client |
| nonmaleficence | the duty to do no harm |
| free association | a method used in psychodynamic therapy where patients are encouraged to say whatever comes to mind without filter |
| person-centered therapy | a humanistic therapy where therapists use techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth |
| cognitive therapies | therapies designed to identify and change maladaptive thinking patterns, perceptions, and behaviors through techniques like cognitive restructuring |
| maladaptive thinking | dysfunctional thought processes that contribute to and exacerbate psychological disorders |
| cognitive restructuring | a therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs |
| cognitive triad | an irrational and pessimistic view of the three key elements of a person's belief system present in depression: oneself, the future, and the world |
| applied behavior analysis | a scientific technique concerned with applying empirical approaches based upon the principles of respondent and operant conditioning to change behavior of social significance |
| systematic desensitization | a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli |
| aversion therapy | a type of behavior therapy that involves repeated pairing of an unwanted behavior with discomfort |
| token economies | an operant conditioning approach where individuals receive tokens immediately after displaying desirable behavior which they can collect and exchange for material awards |
| biofeedback | a process whereby electronic monitoring of a normally automatic bodily function is used to train someone to acquire voluntary control of that function |
| cognitive-behavior therapies | a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy |
| dialectical behavior therapy | a cognitive-behavioral approach that emphasizes the psychosocial aspects of treatment |
| rational-emotive behavior therapy | a confrontational therapy that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions |
| psychotropic medication therapy | the treatment of psychiatric disorders with medications that affect brain chemistry |
| psychoactive medication | chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods |
| lithium | a chemical used to counteract mood swings of bipolar disorder |
| tardive dyskinesia | a neurological disorder marked by chronic tremors and involuntary spastic movements |
| lesioning | the removal or destruction of part of the brain |
| transcranial magnetic stimulation | a method used to study the brain and to treat some psychological disorders by stimulating the brain with powerful magnets |
| electroconvulsive therapy | a treatment that involves inducing seizures with the use of electrical current to treat sever depression |
Created by:
alanarittgers
Popular Social Studies sets