Ancient Greeks
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| Philosopher; foundational figure in Western philosophy, known for the Socratic method of questioning to stimulate critical thinking. | Socrates
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| Philosopher; student of Socrates, wrote "The Republic," exploring justice, the ideal state, and the theory of Forms. | Plato
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| Philosopher and scientist; student of Plato, wrote on ethics, logic, metaphysics, and natural sciences; tutor to Alexander the Great. | Aristotle
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| Historian; called the "Father of History," authored "Histories," chronicling the Greco-Persian Wars. | Herodotus
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| Historian; wrote "History of the Peloponnesian War," emphasizing factual accuracy and political analysis. | Thucydides
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| Playwright; father of Greek tragedy, wrote "The Oresteia," exploring justice and vengeance. | Aeschylus
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| Playwright; known for "Oedipus Rex" and "Antigone," masterpieces of tragedy focusing on fate and moral dilemmas. | Sophocles
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| Playwright; wrote "Medea" and "The Bacchae," known for complex characters and psychological depth in tragedies. | Euripides
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| Playwright; master of comedy, wrote "Lysistrata" and "The Clouds," satirizing politics and philosophy. | Aristophanes
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| Poet; traditionally credited with "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey," epic poems foundational to Western literature. | Homer
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| Politician; Athenian statesman, led Athens during its Golden Age, delivered the famous Funeral Oration. | Pericles
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| Politician and lawmaker; reformed Athenian laws, laying the groundwork for democracy by reducing debt slavery. | Solon
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| Politician; known as the "Father of Athenian Democracy," reorganized Athens into a democratic system. | Cleisthenes
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| Orator and politician; famed for his "Philippics," speeches warning against Philip II of Macedon. | Demosthenes
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| Mathematician and philosopher; known for the Pythagorean theorem and mystical ideas about numbers. | Pythagoras
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| Mathematician; called the "Father of Geometry," wrote "Elements," a foundational text in mathematics. | Euclid
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| Mathematician and inventor; known for principles of buoyancy, the lever, and calculating pi. | Archimedes
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| Physician; dubbed the "Father of Medicine," associated with the Hippocratic Oath and holistic healing. | Hippocrates
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| Philosopher and scientist; considered the first Western philosopher, predicted a solar eclipse, studied water as a primal element. | Thales of Miletus
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| Philosopher; early theorist of cosmology, proposed an infinite "apeiron" as the origin of all things. | Anaximander
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| Philosopher; known for the idea that "everything flows" (change is constant) and the unity of opposites. | Heraclitus
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| Poet; celebrated for his victory odes honoring athletes in the Olympic and other Panhellenic games. | Pindar
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| Military leader; Spartan admiral who defeated Athens in the Peloponnesian War, ending its naval dominance. | Lysander
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| Politician and general; led Athens to victory at the Battle of Salamis against the Persians. | Themistocles
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| Poet; one of the greatest lyric poets, known for her emotional love poetry, much of it addressed to women. | Sappho
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