Orthopedics: Muscular Important terms
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| Skeletal muscles | Striated, multinucleated, voluntary muscles that contract and relax in response to conscious thought (eyes, tongue, hands).
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| Cardiac muscles | Heart muscle; striated, mononucleated, involuntary muscle that pumps blood through the circulatory system.
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| Smooth muscles | Nonstriated, involuntary, mononucleated, muscles that form continuous, thin layer around many organs and structures (blood vessels, intestines, etc).
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| Fascia | A thin layer of connective tissue that wraps each muscle and merges into its tendon.
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| Aponeurosis | A white fibrous sheet of connective tissue that attaches a flat muscle to a bone or to deeper muscles.
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| Retinaculum | A translucent band of fibrous tissue and fascia taht holds down tendons in the wrist and ankle.
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| Origin (beginning) | Origin of a muscle is the site where a tendon attaches to a stationary or near-stationary bone.
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| Insertion (ending) | Insertion of a muscle is the site where a tendon attaches to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts.
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| Belly | Belly is the part of the muscle with the greatest mass.
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| Antagonism | One muscle contracts and a second muscle either relaxes to allow movement or partially contracts to control the movement.
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| Synergism | One muscle contracts and other nearby muscles also contract to produce the same but greater combined movement.
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| Flexion | Involves bending a joint to decrease the angle between two bones or body parts.
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| Extension | Involves straightening or extending a joint to increase the angle between two bones or body parts.
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| Abduction | Moving a body part away from the midline of the body (think alien abduction).
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| Adduction | Moving a body part toward the midline of the body (think addition).
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| Supination | Turning the palm of the hand upward, such that the hand is "lying on its back."
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| Pronation | Turning the palm of the hand downward.
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| Eversion | Turning a body part outward and to the side.
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| Inversion | Turning a body part inward.
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| Rotation | Moving a body part around its axis.
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| Muscle fiber | One long cell with hundreds of nuclei along its length. Each fiber is composed of myofiibrils that contrain actin strands and thick myosin strands. Connected to a single nerve cell at a neuromuscular junction.
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| Muscle tone | Nerve impulses produce muscle tone, which keeps the muscles firm and ready to act. The only skeletal muscle activity not under conscious control.
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| Compartment syndrome | Condition in which severe injury causes bleeding and the fascia acts as a compartment, holding in accumulated blood and placing pressure on surrounding tissues.
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| Contracture | Inactivity or paralysis coupled with continuing nerve impulses can cause an arm or leg muscle to become progressively flexed.
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| Atrophy | Loss of muscle bulk in one or more muscles caused by lack of use by malnutrition, or it can occur in any part of the body that is paralyzed because the muscles receive no electrical impulses from the nerves.
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| Avulsion | Condition in which the muscle tears away from the tendon or the tendon tears away from the bone.
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| Fibromyalgia | Pain located at specific, hyperirritable trigger points in the muscles of the neck, back, or hips.
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| Hyperextension / hyperflexion injury | Injury that occurs when a person's head snaps backward and then forward in response to a sudden change in speed (AKA acceleration-deceleration injury or whiplash).
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| Muscle contusion | Bleeding inside a muscle due to blunt trauma; also called a bruise.
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| Muscle spasm | Painful but temporary condition in which a muscle suddenly, severely, and involuntarily contracts. (AKA muscle cramp, alsi called torticollis when it occurs in the neck.)
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| Muscle strain | Overstretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon; also called a pulled muscle.
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| Muscular dystrophy | Genetic mutation of the gene that normally makes the muscle protein dystrophin. Without dystrophin, muscles progressively weaken and atrophy. Most common form is Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.
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| Myalgia | Pain in a muscle due to injury or muscle disease.
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| Polymyalgia | Pain in several muscle groups.
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| Myasthenia gravis | Autoimmune disorder in which the body produces antibodies against acetylcholine receptors on the muscle fibers. Characterized by rapid fatigue of muscles.
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| Myopathy | General category that includes many different muscle diseases. (my/o- = Muscle, -pathy = disease)
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| Myositis | Inflammation of a muscle with localized swelling or tenderness; caused by injury, strain, or disease.
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| Repetitive strain injury (RSI) | Injury to muscles, tendons, and/or nerves resulting from repetitive movements over an extended period of time; also called cumulative trauma disorder.
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| Rhabdomyoma | A benign tumor of the muscle.
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| Rhabdomyosarcoma | Cancerous tumor of the muscle; usually found in children and young adults.
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| Rotator cuff tear | A tear in the rotator muscles of the shoulder that surround the humerus; usually occurs from trauma or repetitive overuse.
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| Ataxia | Incoordination of the muscles during movement, particularly incoordination of the gait (when walking).
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| Bradykinesia | Abnormally slow muscle movements or decrease in the number of spontaneous movements; usually associated with Parkinson disease.
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| Dyskinesia | Abnormal motions that occur because of difficulty controlling the voluntary muscles; may include tics, spasms, jerking, or slow writhing of the hands.
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| Hyperkinesis | An abnormally increased amount of muscle movements.
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| Restless legs syndrome (RLS) | Uncomfortable restlessness and twitching of the leg muscles (particularly of the calf muscles) along with tingling, aching, or crawling-insect sensations; usually occurs at night.
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| Tremor | Small involuntary, back-and-forth movements of the hands, head, jaw, or extremities that are continuous and cannot be controlled.
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| Bursitis | Inflammation of the bursal sac due to repetitive muscle contractions or pressure on the bone underneath the bursa.
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| Dupuytren's contracture (AKA Dupuytren disease) | Progressive disease in which thickening and shortening of the fascia in the palm causes a contracture and flexion deformity of the finger.
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| Epicondylitis | Inflammation of muscles and tendons that originate on the bone protrusion on either side of the distal humerus.
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| Lateral epicondylitis | Tennis elbow
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| Medial epicondylitis | Golfer's/pitcher's elbow
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| Fasciitis | Inflammation of the fascia around a muscle; frequently affects the bottom of the foot (plantar fasciitis).
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| Ganglion | Semisolid or fluid-containing cyst that grows on a tendon; appears as a rounded lump that may or may not be painful. Often occurs in the wrist, hand, or foot.
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| Shin splints | Pain and inflammation of the tendons and flexor muscles over the shin bone due to overuse.
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| Tendonitis | Inflammation of any tendon due to injury or overuse.
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| Tenosynovitis | Inflammation and pain due to overuse of a tendon and inability of the synovial membrane to produce enough lubricating fluid.
(ten/o- = tendon, synov/o- = joint membrane, -itis = infection of or inflammation of)
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| Acetylcholine receptor antibody test | Test that detects antibodies that the body produces against its own acetylcholine receptors; used to diagnose myasthenia gravis.
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| Creatine phosphokinase (CPK-MM) test | Test that measures the level of serum CPK-MM, an isoenzyme found in skeletal muscle. Used to screen for muscular dystrophy. High CPK-MM levels suggest the presence of disease.
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| Edrophonium test | Procedure in which patients are given the drug edrophonium to confirm a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Drug temporarily increases acetylcholine levels.
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| Electromyography (EMG) | Procedure in which a needle electrode is inserted into a muscle to record the electrical activity of the muscle as it contracts and relaxes; used to diagnose muscle or nerve disease.
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| Brace | Orthopedic device that supports and straightens a body part while still permitting movement; also called an orthosis.
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| Adaptive or assistive device | Device that increases mobility and independence by helping the patient perform activities of daily living (ADLs).
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| Deep tendon reflexes (DTR) | Procedure that tests whether the muscular–nervous pathway is functioning normally. Also known as the knee-jerk test or patellar reflex test.
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