Unit 8: Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment, and the French Revolution
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| How did the scientific revolution challenge existing knowledge and set the stage for modern science? | Previously explained by the church science was questioned by many brilliant scientists.
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| Explain the role of Bacon and Descartes in developing the new scientific method that characterized the Scientific Revolution. | Thanks to Bacon and Descartes many modern scientific methods are based off of their ideas.
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| Describe the development and importance of astronomy, physics, technology, medicine and chemistry as a result of the Scientific Revolution. | A change in the way we look at things previously ran by the church we speculated things but never had proof science made us change the way we view things.
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| What impact did the Enlightenment have on the societal view of the importance of government? | People wanted their rights but that did not sit well with the leaders knowing very well if they learned to much they would be powerful enough to overthrow their government.
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| How did the Enlightenment impact European society? | People wanted more rights and challenged authority leading to countries not being lead by monarchs.
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| Describe the long term as well as the immediate causes of the French Revolution | Some long term causes were social inequality and enlightenment ideas,
weak leader, financial issues
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| Identify key events and explain their outcomes from 1789 through 1793 (National Assembly,Tennis Court Oath, Bastille, Great Fear, Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen, Constitution of 1791, war with Austria and Prussia, execution of Louis XVI). |
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| Briefly describe the division that emerged in France early in the Revolution that continues to influence modern political thought (Liberal-Moderate-Conservative). |
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| Identify key events and explain their outcomes from 1793-1799 (National Convention, Reign of Terror, wars to expand the Revolution, the Directory, coup of Napoleon). |
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| .Identify the steps taken by Napoleon to institutionalize the French Revolution from 1799-1805. |
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| Identify the ways in which Napoleon embodied the attributes of absolute monarchy. |
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| Describe the political and military successes and failures of Napoleon as he created and lost his European empire from 1804 to 1815. |
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| Absolutism | A political doctrine of absolute power by a ruler
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| Divine right | Belief that monarchs derive authority from God
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| Scientific Revolution | Period of rapid scientific advancements in the 16th and 17th centuries
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| Heliocentric theory s | Sun- centered model of the solar system proposed by Copernicus
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| Scientific method | Systematic approach to inquiry and experimentation
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| Geocentric theory | Earth- centered model of the universe prior to heliocentrism
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| Galileo Galilei, | Astronomer who supported heliocentric theory with observations
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| Isaac Newton | Physicist known for laws of motion and universal gravitation
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| Enlightenment | Intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism
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| Philosophes | French thinkers advocating for social reform and reason
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| John Locke | Philosopher advocating natural rights and government by consent
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| Thomas Hobbes | Philosopher who believed in strong central authority
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| Rene Descartes | Phislopher known for “I think therefore i am” principle
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| Francis Bacon | Philosopher who promoted empirical scientific methods
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| Separation of powers | Political model dividing government into branches to prevent tyranny
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| Legislative Assembly, National Convention | French governing body during the early Revolution (1791-1792)
Governing body during the radical phase of the Revolution
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| Maximilien Robespierre | Leader of the Committee of Public Saftey during the Reign of Terror
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| Napoleon Bonaparte | Military leader who became Emperor of France
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| The Estates, Bourgeoisie | Social Classes in pre-revolutionary France: Clergy, nobility, commoners
Middle class, often involved in commerce and industry
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| Napoleonic Code | Legal code established by Napoleon ensuring civil rights
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| King Louis XVI | Monarch executed during the French Revolution
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| Marie Antoinette | Queen of France, known for her extravagant lifestyle
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| Reign of Terror | Period of extreme political repression during the revolution
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| Continental system | Napoleon’s blockade against British trade
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| The Hundred Days | Napoleon’s return to power after exile
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen | Fundamental document of the French Revolution asserting rights
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| Battle of Waterloo | Final defeat of Napoleon in Russia, ending his rule
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