Anatomical Structure: supply, support, function
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| three types of muscle | skeletal, smooth, cardiac
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| skeletal muscle | voluntary: striated, has 2 or more attachments
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| origin | attachment that moves least
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| insertion | attachment which moves the most
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| origins location | proximal to distal
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| insertions location | distal to laterally
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| belly | fleshy part of muscle
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| tendons | fibrous tissue cords that attachs ends of muscle to bones, cartilage, or ligaments
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| thin strong sheet of fibrous tissue | aponeurosis
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| raphe | an interdigitation of tendinous ends of flat muscle fibers
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| pennate muscles | muscles whose fibers run obliquely to line of push or pull-resembles a feather
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| unipennate muscles | tendon lies along one side of muscle and muscle fibers pass obliquly to it
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| example of unipennate muscle | extensor digitorum longus
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| bipennate muscle | tendon lies in center of the muscle-muscle fibers pass to it from two sides
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| example of bipennate muscle | rectus femoris
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| multipennate muscle | may be arranged as a series of bipennate muscles lying along side one another or may have tendon lying within its center and converging muscle fibers passing to it from all sides
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| examples of multipennate muscles | acromial fibers of deltoid and tibialis anterior
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| 2 types of fascia | superficial and deep
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| fascia | lies between skin and underlying muscles and bones
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| superficial fascia | subcutaneous tissue, a mixture of loose tissues that unite dermis of skin to underlying deep fascia
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| examples of superficial fascia | scalp, back of neck, palms, and soles
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| deep fascia | membranous layer of connective tissue that invests muscles and other deep structures
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| deep fascia in neck | forms well-defined layers that may play an important role in determining path taken by pathogenic organisms during the spread of infection
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| deep fascia in thorax and abdomen | a thin film of tissue covering muscles and aponeuroses
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| deep fascia in limbs | forms sheath around muscles and other structures, holding them in place
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| retinacula | deep fascia in joint regions that is considerably thick
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| retinacula function | to hold underlying tendsons in position or to serve as pulleys around which tendons may move
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| motor unit | consists of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies or innervates
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| describe motoneural innervation of large muscle or muscle group | where fine control is unnecessry, but gross motor control is important, single motor neuron may supply as many as 200+ muscle fibers
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| describe motoneural innervation in small muscle or group | where gross motor control is unnecessary, but fine motor control is required, one nerve fiber supplies only a few muscle fibers.
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| prime mover | chief muscle or member of a chief group of muscles responsible for a particular movement
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| prime mover in knee joint extension | quadriceps femoris
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| antagonist | opposes the action of prime mover
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| what muscle opposes quadriceps femoris in knee joint extension | biceps femoris
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| what must happen before a prime mover can contract | reciprocal "relaxation" of antagonist muscle must occur
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| nervous reflex inhibition | facilitates reciprocal "relaxation" of antagonist so prime mover can contract
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| fixator | stabilizes origin of prime mover and ensures efficient action of prime mover
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| synergist | contracts and stabilizes "intermediate" joints to prevent unwanted movements
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| example of synergist | forearm flexor and extensor constractions stabilize wrist joint, permits long flexor and extensors of fingers to work efficiently
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