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| serratus posterior superior - attachments | lower part of ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of C7-T3......ribs 2-4
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| serratus posterior superior - innervation | intercostal nerves T2-T5 (anterior rami)
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| serratus posterior superior/inferior - function | elevates upper ribs during forced inspiration...stabilizes lower ribs against diaphragm contraction
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| serratus posterior inferior - attachments | spinous processes of T11-L2...lower 3-4 ribs
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| serratus posterior inferior - innervation | last 3-4 intercostal nerves (anterior rami)
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| what are the intermediate extrinsic back muscles? | serratus posterior superior/inferior
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| what are the superficial intrinsic back muscles? | splenius capitis/cervicis (spinotransversales muscles)
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| splenius capitis - attachments | nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T3/4, supraspinous ligament...mastoid process and occipital bone
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| splenius cervicis - attachments | spinous processes of T3-T6.....transverse processes of C1-C3/4
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| what is the nerve supply for intrinsic back muscles? | posterior rami of spinal nerves
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| splenius capitis/cervicis - function | head and neck extension; rotation with unilateral contraction
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| erector spinae - function | vertebral column and head extension; lateral flexion of vertebral column
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| What are the intermediate intrinsic muscles? | erector spinae
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| How are the erector spinae muscles grouped? | columns - iliocostalis (lateral), longissimus (intermediate), spinalis (medial)....regionally according to superior attachments (capitis, cervicis, thoracis, lumborum)
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| erector spinae - attachments | posterior part of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, sacro-iliac ligaments, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes and supraspinous ligament...named region (capitis, cervicis, thoracis, lumborum)
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| what are the deep intrinsic muscles? | transversospinal - semispinalis (superficial), multifidus (intermediate), rotatores (deep)
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| Semispinalis - attachments | transverse processes of C4-T10 vertebra...named region
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| multifidus - attachments | sacrum,ilium, erector spinae aponeurosis, transverse processes(except C1-C3)...spinous processes (except C2)
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| how long are: semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores | semispinalis:4-6 segements; multifidus: 2-4 segements; rotatores brevis: 1 segment; rotatores longus: 2 segements
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| rotatores - attachments | transverse processes....lamina near the transverse process junction
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| semispinalis - function | head, thoracic, cervical extension; contralateral rotation
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| multifidus - function | contralateral rotation, stabilization
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| rotatores - function | proprioception, stabilization, rotation
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| what are the segmental (minor) intrinsic back muscles? | interspinales, intertransversii, levatores costorum
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| segmental (minor) intrinsic back muscles - innervation | posterior (dorsal) rami....except intertransversarii which are innervated by anterior (ventral) rami of spinal nerves
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| interspinales - attachments | superior spinous processes of cervical and lumbar vertebra...inferior spinous processes of vertebrae superior to vertebra of origin
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| intertransversarii - attachments | transverse process of cervical and lumbar vertebrae....transverse processes of adjacent vertebra
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| levatores costarum - attachments | tips of transverse processes of C7-T11...pass inferiorlaterally and insert on rib between its tubercle and angle
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| segmental (minor) intrinsic back muscles - function | minor role in spinal stability
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| what are the boundaries of the suboccipital triangle? | rectus capitis posterior major; obliquus capitis superior; obliquus capitis inferior; floor: posterior atlanto-occiptal membrane and posterior arch of C1; roof: semispinalis capitis
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| what does the suboccipital trangle contain? | vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve (C1)
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| rectus capitis posterior major - attachments | spinous process of the C2...lateral part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone
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| obliquus capitis inferior - attachments | spinous process of the C2...transverse process of C1
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| obliquus capitis superior - attachments | transverse process of C1...occipital bone between superior and inferior nuchal lines
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| simple columnar cells - location, function | small intestine, colon, stomach lining, gastric glands, gallbladder....absorption and secretion
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| simple cuboidal - location, function | small ducts of exocrine glands, surface of ovary, kidney tubules, thyroid follicles....absorption, conduit barrier, secretion
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| type I collagen - location.....function | connective tissue of skin, bone, tendon, ligaments, dentin, sclera, fascia and organ capsules......provides resistance to force, tension, and stretch
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| type II collagen - location...function | cartilage (hyaline and elastic), notochord, and interveterbral disc...provides resistance to intermittent pressure
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| type III collagen - location...function | loose conective tissue, organs, smooth muscle, endoneurium, blood vessels, fetal skin...forms reticular firbers, arranged as loose meshwork of thin fibers, provides a supportive scaffolding for specialized cells of various organs and blood vessels
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| type IV collagen - location...function | basal laminae of epithelia, kidney glomeruli, and lens capsule.....provides filtration barrier and support
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| stratified squamous cells - location, function | epidermis, oral cavity and esophagus, vagina.....barrier, protection
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| trapezius...function | adducts scapula, upward and outward scapular rotation, elevates scapula, depresses scapula
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| trapezius - attachment | external occitpital protuberance, superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, C7-T12 spinous process......spine of scapula, acromion, lateral 1/3 of clavicle
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| latissimus dorsi - function | extends, adducts, medially rotates humerus, pulls body toward arm in climbing and chin ups
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| latissimus dorsi - attachments | T7-T12 spinous processes, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, ribs 9-12.....floor of bicipital groove (intertubercular groove) medial to insertion of pectoralis major
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| levator scapulae - attachments | C1-C4 transverse processes....medial border of scapula superior to scapular spine
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| levator scapula - function | elevates scapula, extends or laterally flexes neck
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| levator scapula - innervation | C3,4 anterior rami and dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
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| levator scapula - blood supply | deep branch of the transverse cervical artery
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| rhomboid major - attachments | T2-T5 spinous processes, medial border of scapula
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| rhomboid major and minor - function | retracts (Adducts) scapula, elevates scapula, rotate the lateral aspect of the scapula inferiorly (with assistance from other muscles)
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| deltoid - attachment | lateral 1/3 clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula......deltoid tuberosity of humerus
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| deltoid - innervation | axillary nerve
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| deltoid - blood supply | deltoid branch of thoracoacromial artery, posterior humeral circumflex artery
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| deltoid - action | abducts, flexes, extends, internal and external rotation
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| teres major - attachment | posterior surface of inferior angle of scapula.....medial lip f intertubercular groove of humerus
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| teres major - innervation | lower subscapular nerve C5/C6/C7
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| teres major/minor - blood supply | circumflex scapular artery
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| teres major - function | medially rotates the humerus, adducts nad extends the humerus
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| what are the muscles of the rotator cuff? | supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
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| supraspinatus - attachment | supraspinous fossa...greater tubercle of humerus
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| supraspinatus/infraspinatus - innervation | suprascapular nerve
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| supraspinatus/infraspinatus - blood supply | suprascapular artery
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| supraspinatus - function | initiates abduction of upper limb (first 15 degrees).....hold head of humerus in the glenoid cavity during arm elevation (flexion, abduction)
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| obliquus capitis superior - function | lateral flexion
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| obliquus capitis inferior - function | rotates C1 (atlas) and head
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| rectus capitis posterior major - function | extends head
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| suboccipital triangle - blood supply | vertebral and occipital arteries
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| rectus capitis posterior minor - attachments | posterior tubercle of C1 (atlas).....inferior nuchal line
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| rectus capitis posterior minor - function | extends and rotates head
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| rectus capitis posterior minor - innervation | suboccipital nerve (C1)
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| rectus capitis posterior minor - blood supply | vertebral and occipital artery
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| trapezius - innervation | spinal accessory nerve (CN XI); C3/C4 for proprioception
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| trapezius - blood supply | superficial branch of transverse cervical artery
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| intrinsic back muscles - blood supply | posterior intercostal arteries
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| latissimus dorsi - innervation | thoracodorsal nerve
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| latissimus dorsi - blood supply | thoracodorsal artery (branch of subscapular)
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| rhomboid minor - attachments | C7-T1...roof of scapular spine
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| rhomboid major/minor - innervation | dorsal scapular nerve
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| rhomboid major/minor - blood supply | deep branch of the transverse cervical artery
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| infraspinatus - attachments | infraspinous process...greater tubercle of humerus
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| infraspinatus/teres minor - function | laterally rotates humerus
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| teres minor - attachments | superior lateral border of scapula, greater tubercle of humerus
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| teres minor - innervation | axillary nerve
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| teres minor - blood supply | scapular circumflex artery
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| subscapularis - attachments | subscapular fossa....lesser tubercle of humerus
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| subscapularis - function | medial rotation of humerus
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| subscapularis - innervation | subscapular nerve
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| subscapularis - blood supply | subscapular artery
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| biceps brachii long head, short head - attachments | supraglenoid tubercle....coracoid process
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| which erector spinae muscles do not attach in the lumbar region? head? | longissimus, spinalis...iliocostalis
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