Unit 2- Mesopotamia
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| Define artifacts: | an objects from the past
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| What evidence would an archeologist want to analyze? | artifacts or objects left behind : clothing, tools, weapons and coins
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| What evidence would a geographer want to analyze? | natural features such as water, landforms, plants and animals. Roads, villages, bridges
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| What evidence would an historian want to analyze? | written records :diaries, letters,
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| Define primary sources: | first hand historical documents created during the time period of an event in history
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| Give two examples of primary sources: | letters, diaries
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| Define secondary sources: | a description of events written in documents after it occurred
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| Give two examples of secondary sources: | textbooks, biography
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| Explain how to read a timeline. | from left to right, the events on the left happened earlier than the events on the right (BCE to CE)
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| What does BCE stand for? | before common era
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| What does CE stand for? | common era
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| Define civilization. | a group of people who share government, religion, language and customs
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| What does the word “Mesopotamia” mean? | land between two rivers
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| What are the names of the twin rivers? | Tigris and Euphrates rivers
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| How are the rivers used by the Mesopotamians? | trade/travel, drinking water, irrigate crops, fishing
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| Give two reasons why the Mesopotamian civilization developed in the Fertile Crescent. | Tigris and Euphrates: irrigate crops to create a surplus which was a stable food supply, Deserts: protection from attacks
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| What was the problem with hunting and gathering? | people had to keep moving from place to place, it did not create a stable food supply
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| Define agriculture. | growing crops and raising animals
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| What did farmers produce and how did it benefit the Mesopotamian civilization? | a surplus of crops which created a stable food supply so that other Mesopotamians could have different jobs
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| Which provided a more reliable source of food, hunting and gathering OR agriculture? EXPLAIN why you believe this is the more reliable source of food. | Agriculture: created a stable food supply therefore there were more jobs
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| Not having enough trees to build home. (solution | Used Mud bricks
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| Define city-state. | a city with a single ruler that controls the surrounding farmland
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| Define barter. (Give examples of each). | trading a good for a good, a good for a service, or a service for a service (wheat for two sheep, fish for digging canal, plowing fields for making wheels)
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| What two inventions helped farmers to create a surplus of food? | irrigation canals and plows
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| Why did farmers need to create a stable food supply? | so people could do others jobs and Mesopotamia would become more advanced
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| How were social classes determined? | birth and importance of job
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| Define social mobility. | movement between social classes
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| Did social mobility exist in Mesopotamia? | NO!
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| List the responsibilities of a king. | enforced laws and collected taxes, built temples and made sure irrigation canals were maintained, led army
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| Who was part of the upper class? | priests, landowners, and government officials
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| Who was part of the common class? | traders/merchants and craftspeople which included highly skilled metal workers also known as blacksmiths, farmers and fishermen
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| Give 2 pieces of evidence that describes a slave. | They lived in their owner's homes and had no property of their own.
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| What is divine kingship? | King chosen by the gods
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| What is the connection between religion and government? | Divine Kingship: King chosen by the gods
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| What is the name of the writing system that the Ancient Mesopotamians used? | cuneiform
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| Why did the Mesopotamian create a writing system? | to keep track of goods bartered/traded at the marketplace
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| What invention made transportation easier and faster? | wheel
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| What was Ashurbanipal of Assyria known for? | Warfare: using chariots, cavalry, battering ram, archers
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| How were the Persians different from all of the conquerors of the Fertile Crescent? | Persians did not adopt Mesopotamain way of life
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| Controlling the Tigris and Euphrates rivers from flooding | Made levees, canals, and dams
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| difficulties in building and maintaining irrigation systems | people from different villages needed to work together, worked to unclog silt
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| protecting their cities from neighboring attacks | built walls and moats
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