Southeastern Institute - Digestive System
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| Functions of the Digestive System | Ingestion, digestion, absorption& defecation
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| Ingestion | Orally taking in food & drink
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| Digestion | Mechanical & chemical process of mixing food with enzymes and converting it to an absorbable state
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| Absorption | Products of digestion move to blood then to the cells
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| Defecation | Eliminating indigestible or unabsorbed material form the body
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| Alimentary Canal | Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract, Mostly coiled passageway that goes from mouth to anus, Includes oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
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| Tunics | Layers of the GI tract that produce and secrete enzymes
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| What kind of muscle is mostly found in the digestive system? | Smooth muscle
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| Tonic contraction | Sustained contraction in sphincter muscles
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| Sphincter | A ring of muscle fibers that regulate movement of materials from one compartment to another
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| Peristalsis | Rhythmic muscle contraction that occurs behind bolus (partially digested food)
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| Peritoneum | Envelopes entire abdominal wall, Largest serous membrane in body, Allows digestive & visceral organs to slide easily against abdominal wall without friction, Includes mesenteries, parietal & visceral peritoneum, and greater & lesser omentum
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| Mesenteries | Fatty apron, Fan shaped peritoneum that connects all divisions of small intestines
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| Oral Cavity | Mouth, Port of entry for food & drink,Tongue, teeth, gums & salivary duct openings, Where digestion begins
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| Mastication | Chewing
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| Gustatory Organs | Taste buds, Chemoreceptors
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| Deglutition | Swallowing
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| Saliva | Initiates digestion of starches & fatsPharynx
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| Esophagus | Gullet, Muscular tube that connects pharynx to stomach, lining secretes mucus to help transport food
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| Stomach | J-shaped organ, enlargement of GI tract bound by sphincters
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| Cardioesophageal sphincter | Sphincter between esophagus and stomach
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| Pyloric sphincter | Sphincter between stomach and small intestine
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| Rugae | Folds in stomach’s lining to allow for expansion
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| Bolus | Partially digested food
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| Chyme | What bolus becomes after being processed in the stomach
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| G cells | Endocrine cells that secrete hormone gastrin
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| Parietal cells | Exocrine, Required to absorb B12 and produces hydrochloric acid
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| Chief cells | Pepsinogin for protein digestion and protects gastric lining
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| Small Intestine | Responsible for 90% of all absorption. longest section of alimentary canal
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| Ileocecal sphincter | Sphincter that connects small intestine to large intestine
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| Villi | Fingerlike projections that house blood & lymph capillaries
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| Microvilli | “brush border”, contains Lacteals which are lymphatic capillaries located in a villus
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| Duodenum | First section of small intestine
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| Sphincter of Oddi | Sphincter found in the duodenum that regulates secretions of pancreas, liver & gallbladder
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| Jejunum | Intermediate portion of the small intestine, Absorption of water
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| Ileum | Last portion of small intestine, fat absorption
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| Large Intestine | Colon, makes mucus
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| Flexures | Curves in the colon
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| Cecum | First section of the colon
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| Ileocecal Sphincter | Sphincter between small and large intestine
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| Vermiform Appendix | Suspended inferiorly from the cecum
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| Ascending Colon | Part of colon between cecum and Hepatic flexure
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| Hepatic flexure | Between ascending and transverse colon
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| Transverse Colon | Between hepatic and splenic flexures
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| Splenic flexure | Flexure between transverse & descending colon
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| Descending Colon | Between splenic flexure and sigmoid colon
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| Sigmoid Colon | Between descending colon and rectum
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| Rectum | Connects colon to anus and is used for storage
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| Liver | Largest internal organ, more than 500 functions, makes bile, stores vitamins A, D, E, & K and minerals, Detoxes toxic substances and those that can’t be broken down are stored
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| Gallbladder | Stores and concentrates bile manufactured by the liver
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| Pancreas | Inferior & posterior to the stomach, produces (or secretes) digestive enzymes, break down proteins, carbs & fats, Most important digestive gland
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| Proteins | Organic compounds that contain large combinations of amino acids, 8 essential amino acids
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| Carbohydrates | Body’s preferred source of energy, Mediated by insulin, Starches and sugars,Required for metabolism of other nutrients
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| Fats | Lipids or fatty acids, Can be solid or liquid
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| Saturated Fat | Bad fats, Solid at room temperature, Lard, processed oils
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| Unsaturated Fat | Good fats, Olive, peanut, flaxseed, sesame oils, Liquid at room temperature
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| Vitamins | Organic compounds essential for normal physiological & metabolic functioning
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| Fat soluble vitamins | Stored in body, A, D, E, K
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| Water soluble vitamins | Not stored in bodyMust be ingested regularly, B & C
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| Minerals | Essential non-organic compounds,Only need trace amounts,Vital in regulating many bodily functions, Referred to as metal, nonmetal, radical, or phosphate rather than compound name
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| Water | Every part of the body needs this nutrient, Except for skin it surrounds every cell, All nutrients & wastes travel through ______-based fluids
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