Praxis II Reading Specialist Practice
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| morpheme | The smallest unit of meaning in our language.
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| Phoneme Isolation/separate | Recognizing individual sounds in words. (example: What is the first sound in boy?)
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| Phoneme Identity or detection | Hearing the same sound in different words (example: What sound is the same in boy, bake, and butter?)
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| Phoneme segmentation | Breaking a spoken word into separate speech sounds (example: Say the sounds you hear in cup slowly)
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| Phoneme addition | The ability to create a new word by adding a phoneme. (example: If I add the sound /s/ to the end of the word tree, what word do I have?)
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| Grapheme | The symbol or symbols (letters) representing the phoneme.
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| Vowel digraphs | Two vowel letters that make a single sound (examples: ea as in meal; ai as in pain; oa as in boat)
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| Syllable | A segment in a word that contains one vowel sound.
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| Phonemic Awareness | The understanding that spoken words are made up of individual speech sounds.
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| Phoneme categorization (part of phoneme identity) | Recognizing a word having a different sound in a group of three or four words (example: Which word doesn't belong? run, rake, toy)
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| Consonant Blends/Consonant clusters | Two or more consonants appearing together in a word with each retaining its own sound. (examples: st, pl, br, str)
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| Decodable Text | Controlled text that consists mostly of words that contain phonic elements that are familiar to the students as well as previously taught sight words.
Provides practice for newly acquired phonics knowledge
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| Rime | The vowel and any consonants that follow it in a syllable. (example: in the word hat . . . "at")
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| Phonemes | Individual speech sounds; there are 44 of these in the English language. (example: cat has three /k/ /a/ /t/; cake has three
/k/ /a/ /k/
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| Onset | The part of the syllable that comes before the vowel (example: In the word hat . . ."h". In words that begin with a vowel sound, no onset is present. (example: In the word "ate" there is only a rime.)
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| Phoneme deletion | Recognizing that a phoneme can be removed from a spoken word and that part of that word remains. (example: If I take away the sound /b/ in the word brook, what is left?
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| Phoneme blending | Blending sounds together to form a word. (example: What is this word? /m/ /a/ /k/
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| Phoneme Substitution | Exchanging a phoneme for one in a spoken word to create a new word. (example: The word is run. Change the /n/ to a /t/
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| Alphabetic Principle | The knowledge that a specific letter or letter combinations represent each of the speech sounds (phonemes) in written language
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| Phonics | The study of the relationships between letters and the sounds they represent; phonics instruction in reading is instruction that teachers sound-symbol correspondences
sounds + print
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| Sight Words | Words that are recognized immediately. These may be phonetically regular (can be decoded or sounded out) OR phonetically irregular (can't be decoded or sounded out). The most commonly used word lists are the Dolch and Frye lists.
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| Consonant Digraphs | Two consonants together that represent one phoneme or sound that is different from the phonemes normally represented by the letters. (examples: ch, wh, th, sh, ph, gh)
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| Vowel Diphthongs | Two vowel letters that make two sounds; ow as in cow; ou as in pout; oi as in foil; oy as in toy
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| Long vowel sounds | Vowel sounds that make the name of the letter; such as in words make, peel, bike, hope, fuse
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| Short vowel sounds | Vowel sounds heard in words such as cat, pet, dig, hot, sun; usually heard in words with a CVC pattern
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| R-controlled vowels | Vowels followed by "r"; ar, er, ir, or, ur; the sound is completely different from the long or short vowel sound
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| Phonological Awareness | An "umbrella" term that is used to refer to a child's sensitivity to any aspect of sound structure in language. (awareness of individual words in a sentence, syllables, onset-rime segments and individual phonemes.
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| Environmental Print | Familiar examples of writing from the child's environment. (examples: cereal boxes, signs, candy wrappers)
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| Parts of the Optimal Learning Model | Demonstration
shared demonstration
guided practice
independent practice
(I do, we do, you do scaffolded, you do)
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| Demonstration (optimal learning model) | Teachers show how to do by initiating, modeling, explaining, thinking aloud
learners- listen and observe
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| Shared Demonstration (optimal learning model) | teacher- demo, lead, hand-holding stage, monitor for understanding
learners-participate, collaborate
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| Guided Practice (optimal learning model) | teacher-validate, support, scaffold, feedback
learner-practice, application
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| Independent Practice (optimal learning model) | teacher-offers limited assistance
learners-do task successfully with minimal assistance
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| Six syllable patterns | CV CVC CVCe CVVC
R-controlled C-le
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| CV pattern | open syllable-long vowel
example-no
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| CVC pattern | closed syllable-short vowel
example-cat
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| CVVC pattern | vowel pair-long vowel
example-boat
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| CVCe pattern | silent e-long vowel
example-cake
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| R-controlled pattern | vowel plus r-different sound
example-bird
variant vowel sounds
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| C-Le pattern | always at the end of a word-emits a schwa sound (short u sound/ ugh)
example-table
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| 4 Activities for building fluency | -read alouds
-supported reading
-repeated reading
-performance reading
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| Repeated Reading (fluency activity) | Build automaticity through practice activities:
radio reading, mumble reading, cooperative repeated reading, repeated reading sight words, repeated reading phrases
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| Performance Reading (fluency activity) | Reading for an audience
Activity-Readers' Theatre
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| Supported Reading (fluency activity) | support through guidance, demonstration and scaffolding
Reading activities:
shared, choral, paired/buddy, echo
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| Read Alouds (fluency activity) | improves comprehension
improves vocabulary
increases fluency
builds motivation
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| 4 Components of Fluency | -automaticity
-quality
-rate
-comprehension
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| comprehension (fluency component) | readers comprehend important ideas
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| rate (fluency component) | attaching appropriate reading speed according to purpose or passage type, readers adjust speed depending on purpose and text difficulty
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| quality (fluency component) | readers ability to use proper intonation or expression, reading with smoothness and phrasing
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| automaticity (fluency component) | translating letters to sounds and sounds to words effortlessly and accurately
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| 4 Fluency Tasks | fluent letter recognition
fluent word recognition
fluent word decoding
fluent reading of connected text
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| Fluent Reading of Connected Text (fluency task) | decodable text
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| Fluent word decoding (fluency task) | knowing the 6-syllable patterns
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| Fluent word recognition (fluency task) | high frequency word and word patterns
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| Fluent letter recognition (fluency task) | naming and producing letters
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| Fluency Definition (Cecil) | can decode words in text accurately with ease, correct phrasing, appropriate intonation and at a reasonably rapid rate to facilitate comprehension
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| Fluency Definition (National Reading Panel) | reading with speed, accuracy and proper expression
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| Importance of Classroom Libraries | vital to independent reading programs
availability of reading material greatly impacts children's literacy development
books contribute strongly to reading achievement
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| Problems/Misconceptions regarding reading programs | to "fix" schools, teachers, kids
concentrating & relying on scripted programs
one size fits all
don't focus on students' needs
and the knowledgeable teacher
over reliance on teacher directed programs
following program with little modification
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| Relationship between scientific research and professional judgment in effective reading instruction | science is necessary but insufficient alone
scientific knowledge and professional judgment must work together
art and science must always work together
research determines best practices and teaching approaches
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| Scientific Reading Research | over reliance on
some cases of questionable value
we must question research
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| Importance of bonding with your students | strongest predictor of reading achievement = quality of student-teacher relationships
bonding is essential, the core of responsive, excellent teaching, can't reach their heads until we reach their hearts
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| Language Experience Approach 5 steps | 1-provide an experience
2-talk about the experience
3-record the child's dictation
4-read text aloud pointing to words
5-extend experience
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| non-fluent readers | read word by word
have a poor bank of sight words
omit punctuation
lack expression
lack word analysis skills
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| Fluent readers | recognize words automatically
read aloud effortlessly with expression
group words quickly to gain meaning from reading
appropriate reading rate
automatic word analysis skills
adhere to punctuation
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| Benefits of reading aloud | increases fluency
improves comprehension & vocabulary
builds motivation
tool to bond with students
builds classroom community
demonstrates good reading
maximize whole class teaching
exposure to good literature
develops listening skills
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| phonological awareness | awareness of:
individual words in a sentence
syllables
individual phonemes
onset-rime segments
ability to detect, isolate, manipulate, blend or segment units of sound within speech flow
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| syllable | a segment in a word that contains one vowel sound, a beat in a word, one per vowel sound
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| Bound morpheme | only has meaning when attached to a word
meaning bearing units of language like prefixes and suffixes
s, ed, er, ly, pre
a grammatical unit that never occurs by itself, but is always attached to some other morpheme.
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| Unbound morpheme | example-dog
words
a linguistic unit that is able to stand alone as a word without another morpheme attached to it.
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| Things that affect Reading comprehension My Very Beautiful Teacher Can Write With a Feather | Motivation
Vocabulary
Background Knowledge
Text structure Knowledge
Critical Thinking
Writing
Word Recognition
Fluency 9rate/prosody)
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| Question Answer Relationships 4 parts (QAR) | right there
on my own
think and search
author and me
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| right There (QAR) | can be found in one place in the text
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| on my own (QAR) | make a personal connection to something you have or are experiencing
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| Think and Search (QAR) | must piece together different parts of one or more texts
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| author and me (QAR) | consider the author's perspective & position and your own experiences and views to formulate a response
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| Reciprocal Teaching 4 parts (RT) | predicting
clarifying
questioning
summarizing
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| predicting (RT) | student anticipates what will come next in the text using prior knowledge (text/experience), encourages students to think ahead in the material, students accept or reject their hypothesis
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| clarifying (RT) | students deal with difficulties in the text by:
paying attention to
unfamiliar sentence structure
new or difficult concepts
loss of meaning of the text
students apply strategies- reread, context clues, prior knowledge, ref. manual ex-dictionary
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| questioning (RT) | students explore text in depth through 2 levels of questioning
surface-cam be answered by the text (who, what, where, when)
below the surface-involves critical thinking skills (why & how)
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| summarizing (RT) | students identify the most important facts of the story
an indication of mastery of the material read
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| Reciprocal Teaching Steps | read topic sentence, make a prediction about the material
student A reads material to B
A & B clarify difficult text
B asks A questions about text
A summarizes text that he/she read
A& B read next topic sentence/predict
A & B switch roles repeat
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| GIST Generating Interactions between Schemata and Text | 1- assign sts a short passage to read
2-sts write one statement for the "gist" or main idea
3- discuss the passage and gist statements
4-sts write one sentence gist summarizing the class' main idea
5-evaluate gist statements
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| Stump the teacher ReQuest-Reciprocal Questioning | 1- teacher identifies portion of text, students read silently
2-sts read and write questions to stump the teacher/ teacher reads and writes questions
3-students ask questions, points are recorded, teacher asks questions, record points
repeat
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| Benefits of Read Alouds | -creates background knowledge
-builds vocabulary
-provides a reading model
-conditions the child's brain to associate reading with pleasure
-builds listening vocabulary as adult pours out sounds/syllables
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| (SSR) Sustained Silent Reading | reading for pleasure
everyone reads even (the teacher)
no assessments/book reports
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| (NRP) National Reading Panel Group members | 14 people
11 university prof.
(8 w/reading background/2 admin./1 phy.)
1 parent
1 principal
1 middle school lang. arts teacher
No member had actually taught beginning reading
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| (NRP) National Reading Panel | commisioned by federal government to report on effective reading instruction (part of NCLB)
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| (NCLB) No Child Left Behind goal, deadline and year passed | passed in 2001
deadline-2014
Goal- close the achievement gap between disadvantaged and minority youth and their peers
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| (NCLB) No Child Left Behind 4 Provisions | -stronger accountability for positive results
-expanded flexibility and local control
-wide ranging options for parents
-an emphasis on teaching methods that have been proven to work
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| Listening Comprehension | -feeds speaking, reading, and writing vocabulary
-feeds reading comprehension
-this can be built through engaging in meaningful conversation
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| (ELLs) English Language Learners (sheltered classrooms) | sheltered English classrooms
content is taught with gestures, visual aids and hands-on experiences
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| (ELLs) English Language Learners 5-stage instructional process | 1-prereading activities
2-oral reading and responses
3-focused word study
4- evaluating word knowledge
5-writing workshop
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| AYP HQ NCLB LEP | AYP-annual yearly progress
HQ-highly qualified
NCLB-no child left behind
LEP-limited English proficiency
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| The Fab Five (areas of reading) | 1- phonemic awareness
2- phonics
3- fluency
4-vocabulary
5- comprehension
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| graphophonemic | Refers to the sound relationship between the orthography (symbols) and phonology (sounds) of a language.
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