USMLE 2CK - Goljan High-Yield
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| PO2 | show 🗑
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| show | percent heme groups occupied by O2
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| Cyanosis | show 🗑
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| show | electron acceptor in oxidative pathway
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| show | inadequate O2 leads to ATP depletion
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| show | decreased arterial (or venous) blood flow
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| show | retention of CO, always decreases PaO2
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| show | impaired delivery of O2 to alveoli; intrapulmonary shunting of blood (e.g., RDS)
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| show | absent blood flow to alveoli; increased alveolar dead space (e.g., pulmonary embolus)
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| show | O2 cannot cross alveolar-capillary interface; interstitial lung disease (e.g., sarcoidosis)
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| show | ↓ SaO2; heme Fe+3; oxidizing agents (sulfur/nitro drugs); Rx with IV methylene blue
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| show | cyanosis not corrected by O2; chocolate colored blood
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| show | ↓ SaO2; left-shift O2 binding curve; inhibits cytochrome oxidase
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| show | car exhaust, space heaters, smoke inhalation
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| S/S carbon monoxide poisoning | show 🗑
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| show | inhibits cytochrome oxidase; systemic asphyxiant
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| Carbon monoxide + cyanide poisoning | show 🗑
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| show | ↓ 2, 3 BPG, carbon monoxide, alkalosis, HbF, methemoglobin, hypothermia
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| show | ↑ 2, 3 BPG, high altitude, acidosis, fever
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| High altitude | show 🗑
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| show | damages membrane and drains off protons; alcohol, salicylates
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| show | drain off protons; dinitrophenol, thermogenin (brown fat)
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| show | hyperthermia
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| Decreased ATP | show 🗑
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| Anaerobic glycolysis | show 🗑
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| show | membrane/mitochondrial damage
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| show | release cytochrome c activates apoptosis
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| show | ↑ cytosolic Ca2+ activates phospholipase, proteases, endonuclease
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| show | unpaired electron in outer orbit; damage cell membranes and DNA
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| Free radicals | show 🗑
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| show | neutralizes superoxide
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| show | neutralizes peroxide, drug FRs
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| show | neutralizes peroxide
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| Lipofuscin | show 🗑
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| show | superoxide FRs + calcium
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| Mitochondrial injury | show 🗑
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| show | alcohol, barbiturates, phenytoin
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| Complications SER hyperplasia | show 🗑
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| Chediak-Higashi | show 🗑
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| show | AR; giant lysosomes
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| show | absent enzyme marker in Golgi apparatus (mannose 6-phosphate); empty lysosomes
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| Rigor mortis | show 🗑
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| Fatty change in liver | show 🗑
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| Fatty change in liver | show 🗑
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| show | ↑ synthesis TG/FAs, beta-oxidation of FAs, synthesis apoproteins/release VLDL
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| Fatty change in kwashiorkor | show 🗑
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| show | primary iron storage protein; soluble in blood; serum level reflects marrow storage iron
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| show | insoluble ferritin degradation product visible with Prussian blue stain
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| Atrophy | show 🗑
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| Brain atrophy | show 🗑
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| Exocrine gland atrophy in CF | show 🗑
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| Labile cells | show 🗑
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| Stable cells | show 🗑
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| Permanent cells | show 🗑
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| show | increase in cell size (structural components, DNA)
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| show | increased preload (valve regurgitation), increased afterload (hypertension, aortic stenosis)
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| show | pulmonary hypertension
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| show | prostate hyperplasia constricts urethra
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| Removal of kidney | show 🗑
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| Hyperplasia | show 🗑
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| show | unopposed estrogen (obesity, taking estrogen)
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| show | increased EPO (blood loss, ectopic secretion, high altitude)
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| show | increased dihydrotestosterone (DHEA)
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| Gynecomastia | show 🗑
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| Metaplasia | show 🗑
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| show | smoking
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| show | Paneth cells, goblet cells; H pylori chronic atrophic gastritis
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| Squamous metaplasia bladder | show 🗑
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| Barrett's esophagus | show 🗑
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| show | atypical hyperplasia and metaplasia are precursors for cancer
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| Squamous dysplasia in cervix | show 🗑
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| show | smoking
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| show | death of groups of cells
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| Coagulation necrosis | show 🗑
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| Infarction | show 🗑
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| show | brain infarct, bacterial infections; wet gangrene
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| show | variant coagulation necrosis; granulomas due to TB/systemic fungi
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| show | activated macrophages (epithelioid cells); multinucleated giant cells; CD4 TH1 cells
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| Epithelioid cells | show 🗑
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| show | fusion of epithelioid cells
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| Granulomas | show 🗑
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| show | associated with pancreatitis; soap formation (Ca2+ + fatty acids)
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| show | necrosis of immune reactions (immune vasculitis/endocarditis)
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| show | autolysis; no inflammatory reaction
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| Dystrophic calcification | show 🗑
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| Dystrophic calcification | show 🗑
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| Metastatic calcification | show 🗑
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| Nephrocalcinosis | show 🗑
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| show | polyuria due to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus; renal failure
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| show | gene regulated individual cell death
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| Signals activating apoptosis | show 🗑
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| show | TP53 suppressor gene, BCL-2 genes
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| BCL-2 genes | show 🗑
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| Caspases | show 🗑
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| Markers of apoptosis | show 🗑
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| Apoptosis | show 🗑
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| Histamine | show 🗑
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| Rubor acute inflammation | show 🗑
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| Calor acute inflammation | show 🗑
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| Tumor acute inflammation | show 🗑
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| Dolor acute inflammation | show 🗑
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| Acute inflammation | show 🗑
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| show | transient vasoconstriction → arteriolar vasodilation → ↑ venular permeability
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| Neutrophil rolling acute inflammation | show 🗑
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| Integrins | show 🗑
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| show | markers for integrins
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| Endothelial cell adhesion molecules | show 🗑
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| show | intercellular adhesion molecule
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| VCAM | show 🗑
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| show | neutrophilic leukocytosis; corticosteroids
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| Activation neutrophil adhesion molecules | show 🗑
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| Chemotaxis | show 🗑
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| Opsonizing agents | show 🗑
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| show | receptors for IgG, C3b
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| show | most potent microbicidal system; neutrophils, monocytes
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| ProductionofsuperoxidefromO2 | show 🗑
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| show | test for respiratory burst
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| Superoxide dismutase | show 🗑
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| Myeloperoxidase | show 🗑
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| Microbicidal defects | show 🗑
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| show | absent NADPH oxidase; no respiratory burst
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| show | Staphylococcus aureus not killed (catalase positive)
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| show | Streptococcus killed (catalase negative)
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| show | AR; respiratory burst present; no bleach produced
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| show | Bruton's agammaglobulinemia (XR, decreased IgG)
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| Phagocytosis defect | show 🗑
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| COX inhibitors | show 🗑
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| show | vasodilation, fever
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| show | vasodilator; prevent platelet aggregation
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| Nitric oxide | show 🗑
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| IL-1 and TNF | show 🗑
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| IL-6 | show 🗑
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| show | fibrinogen, ferritin, C-reactive protein
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| show | kinin produced in conversion of factor XII to factor XI
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| Bradykinin | show 🗑
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| show | C3a and C5a; directly stimulate mast cell release of histamine
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| show | synthesized by endothelial cells; vasodilator, inhibits platelet aggregation
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| Lipoxygenase | show 🗑
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| Zileuton | show 🗑
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| show | block lipoxygenase receptor
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| show | bronchoconstrictors
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| TXA2 | show 🗑
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| show | inhibits thromboxane synthase
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| show | inhibits phospholipase A2, activation neutrophil adhesion molecules
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| Corticosteroids | show 🗑
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| show | right shift OBC; hostile to bacterial/viral replication
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| show | monocyte/macrophage; ↑ IgG; repair by fibrosis
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| Granuloma | show 🗑
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| Positive PPD | show 🗑
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| Suppurative inflammation | show 🗑
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| Cellulitis | show 🗑
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| show | toxins from Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Clostridium difficile
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| Cell cycle | show 🗑
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| show | arrests cell in G1 phase for DNA repair or apoptosis
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| show | stimulates apoptosis; activated by TP53 suppressor gene if too much DNA damage
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| Extracellular matrix | show 🗑
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| show | cell must be capable of duplication, no damage to basement membrane
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| show | end-product of repair by connective tissue
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| Collagen | show 🗑
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| Collagen | show 🗑
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| show | bones, tendons
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| show | early wound repair
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| Type IV collagen | show 🗑
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| show | epiphyseal plate
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| show | key basement membrane glycoprotein
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| show | key interstitial matrix glycoprotein
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| show | basic fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor
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| Key event in wound repair | show 🗑
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| Granulation tissue | show 🗑
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| show | zinc cofactor (metalloprotease); type III collagen replaced by type I collagen
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| show | 80% original strength
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| Inhibition wound healing | show 🗑
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| Ehlers-Danlos syndrome | show 🗑
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| Scurvy | show 🗑
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| Keloid | show 🗑
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| Pyogenic granuloma | show 🗑
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| show | clean wound; appose wound margins with suture
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| show | infected wound; leave wound open; myofibroblasts important
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| show | regenerative nodules; abnormal cytoarchitecture
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| show | type II pneumocyte repair cell
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| show | astrocyte and microglial cell repair cells; gliosis
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| WBC alterations in acute inflammation | show 🗑
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| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate | show 🗑
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| C-reactive protein | show 🗑
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| Polyclonal gammopathy | show 🗑
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| Total body water | show 🗑
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| show | H20 shift between ECF and ICF; controlled by serum Na+ and glucose
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| Edema | show 🗑
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| Transudate | show 🗑
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| Starling's forces | show 🗑
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| Pitting edema | show 🗑
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| show | pulmonary edema in LHF; pitting edema of legs in RHF; portal hypertension
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| Renal retention sodium and water | show 🗑
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| Causes of renal retention of sodium/water | show 🗑
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| ↓ Oncotic pressure (hypoalbuminemia) | show 🗑
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| Ascites in cirrhosis | show 🗑
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| show | protein and cell rich (pus); acute inflammation with ↑ vessel permeability
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| Lymphedema | show 🗑
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| Thrombus | show 🗑
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| show | fibrin clot with entrapped RBCs, WBCs, platelets; deep veins below knee (stasis)
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| show | anticoagulants that prevent venous clot formation
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| Arterial thrombus | show 🗑
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| Aspirin | show 🗑
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| Pulmonary thromboembolism | show 🗑
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| show | majority from left heart
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| Fat embolus | show 🗑
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| Amniotic fluid embolism | show 🗑
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| Diving | show 🗑
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| show | release of N2 gas from tissue with rapid ascent; ischemic damage
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| Dyspnea, chest pain underwater | show 🗑
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| Dyspnea, chest pain rising to surface | show 🗑
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| Hypovolemic shock (blood loss) | show 🗑
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| show | ↓ CO; ↑ LVEDP and PVR
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| show | ↑ CO (↑ venous return); ↓ PVR (vasodilation)
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| show | most susceptible organ in shock; straight portion proximal tubule most susceptible
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| Shock complications | show 🗑
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| show | parenchyma neoplastic component
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| Benign tumors | show 🗑
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| Carcinoma | show 🗑
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| show | invades but does not metastasize
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| show | lower lip, oral pharynx, larynx, lung, esophagus, skin, cervix
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| Adenocarcinoma | show 🗑
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| show | renal pelvis, ureter, bladder
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| show | malignancy of connective tissue origin; e.g., osteogenic sarcoma (bone)
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| Liposarcoma | show 🗑
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| Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma | show 🗑
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| Teratoma | show 🗑
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| Hamartoma | show 🗑
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| show | normal tissue aberrant tissue location; pancreatic tissue stomach wall
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| show | different morphologic patterns, same germ cell layer; pleomorphic adenoma parotid
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| show | malignancy of stem cells in bone marrow
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| Lymphoma | show 🗑
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| Extranodal lymphoma sites | show 🗑
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| show | invade and metastasize; benign tumors do not
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| show | increases telomere length; found in all neoplastic cells
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| Monoclonality | show 🗑
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| show | intercellular adhesion; lose adhesion in malignant cells
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| show | receptors for laminin (basement membrane), fibronectin (ECM)
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| Invasion enzyme | show 🗑
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| Angiogenesis | show 🗑
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| show | lymphatic, hematogenous, seeding; often more common than primary cancer
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| Carcinoma | show 🗑
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| Vessel invading carcinomas | show 🗑
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| show | hematogenous
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| Seeding | show 🗑
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| Sites where metastasis more common primary cancer | show 🗑
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| show | GI tract, kidney, urogenital
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| show | osteoblastic (radiodense); osteolytic (radiolucent)
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| show | vertebra MC (Batson venous plexus)
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| show | prostate cancer; increased serum AP, hypercalcemia
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| show | breast cancer
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| EM neurosecretory granules | show 🗑
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| EM thin and thick myofilaments | show 🗑
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| show | histocytic neoplasms (Langerhan's histiocytosis)
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| Primary prevention | show 🗑
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| Cancers in children | show 🗑
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| show | hepatitis B vaccine; prevents hepatocellular carcinoma
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| show | prostate → lung → colorectal
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| show | breast → lung → colorectal
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| Cancer mortality men | show 🗑
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| show | lung → breast → colorectal
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| show | endometrium → ovary → cervix
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| Cervical Pap smear | show 🗑
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| Malignant melanoma | show 🗑
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| show | nasopharyngeal carcinoma (EBV)
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| Southeast Asia | show 🗑
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| Japan | show 🗑
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| Africa | show 🗑
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| show | risk for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
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| show | risk for SCC
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| show | risk factor for SCC
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| Glandular metaplasia of esophagus (Barrett's) | show 🗑
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| Endometrial hyperplasia | show 🗑
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| show | risk factor for adenocarcinoma
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| show | risk factor for adenocarcinoma
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| Villous adenoma of rectum | show 🗑
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| Tubular adenoma of colon | show 🗑
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| show | risk factor for adenocarcinoma
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| show | risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma
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| Complete hydatidiform mole | show 🗑
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| Dysplastic mole | show 🗑
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| UVB light | show 🗑
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| HHV-8 | show 🗑
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| EBV | show 🗑
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| Polycyclic hydrocarbons | show 🗑
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| show | MC risk factor for mesothelioma
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| show | MC risk factor for oral cavity, mid-esophagus SCC
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| show | MC risk factor for distal esophagus adenocarcinoma
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| show | MC risk factor for stomach adenocarcinoma and lymphoma
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| show | MC risk factors for colon adenocarcinoma
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| show | MC risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma
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| Vinyl chloride | show 🗑
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| Gallstones, porcelain gallbladder | show 🗑
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| Polycyclic hydrocarbons | show 🗑
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| Polycyclic hydrocarbons | show 🗑
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| show | MC risk factor for urinary bladder
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| show | MC risk factor for penis SCC
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|
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| show | MC risk factor for prostate adenocarcinoma
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| Cryptorchid testis | show 🗑
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| Age >50 with excess estrogen exposure | show 🗑
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| show | MC risk factor for vulva, vagina, cervix SCC
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| show | MC risk factor for vagina/cervix clear cell carcinoma
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| Nulliparity | show 🗑
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| show | MC risk factor for choriocarcinoma
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| show | MC risk factor for dysgerminoma of ovary
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| Turner syndrome (XO/XY) | show 🗑
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| Ionizing radiation | show 🗑
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| Family history (MEN IIa/IIb) | show 🗑
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| show | MC risk factor for malignant lymphoma thyroid
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| show | MC risk factor for osteogenic sarcoma
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| show | MC risk factor for primary CNS lymphoma in AIDS and Burkitt's lymphoma
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| show | MC risk factor for acute/chronic myelogenous leukemia
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| EBV | show 🗑
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| HTLV-1 | show 🗑
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| show | H. pylori (stomach adenocarcinoma and lymphoma)
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| Parasitic causes of cancer | show 🗑
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| Carcinogenesis | show 🗑
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| show | proto-oncogenes, suppressor genes, anti-apoptosis genes
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| Types mutations | show 🗑
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| show | Burkitt's t(8;14); CML t(9;22); follicular lymphoma t(14;18); APL leukemia t(15;17)
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| Key cancer genes | show 🗑
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| show | inactivates suppressor genes (e.g., TP53), activates proto-oncogenes (e.g., RAS)
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| Amplification | show 🗑
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| show | enhances activity of BCL-2
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| show | function-growth factor synthesis; mutation-overexpression
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| show | function growth factor receptor; activation bad prognostic sign for breast carcinoma
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| RAS POC | show 🗑
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| ABL POC | show 🗑
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| show | function nuclear transcription; translocation (8; 14) causing Burkitt's lymphoma
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| show | majority are point mutations; loss of suppression
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| Sporadic retinoblastoma | show 🗑
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| show | one hit theory; one already inactivated in germ cells
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| TP53 suppressor gene functions | show 🗑
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| show | inactivation causes majority of human cancers
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| show | G1-S phase inhibition
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||||
| show | retinoblastoma, osteogenic sarcoma
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|
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| show | prevents nuclear transcription by catenin
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| show | familial polyposis (FAP)
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| BRCA1/2 suppressor genes function | show 🗑
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| show | breast, ovarian cancers
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| BCL-2 function | show 🗑
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| BCL-2 gene | show 🗑
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| Xeroderma pigmentosum | show 🗑
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| Hereditary non-polyposis syndrome (HNPCC) | show 🗑
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| show | AR; susceptibility to DNA damage; leukemias, lymphomas
🗑
|
||||
| Examples chromosome instability | show 🗑
|
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| Carcinogens | show 🗑
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||||
| Polycyclic hydrocarbons | show 🗑
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| Aflatoxins | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lung cancer, mesothelioma
🗑
|
||||
| Thorium dioxide | show 🗑
|
||||
| Aniline dyes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | angiosarcoma of liver
🗑
|
||||
| show | leukemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | transitional cell carcinoma of bladder
🗑
|
||||
| show | Burkitt's; CNS lymphoma (AIDS); Hodgkin's mixed cellularity; nasopharyngeal carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| HBV and HCV | show 🗑
|
||||
| HPV | show 🗑
|
||||
| HHV-8 | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma
🗑
|
||||
| show | cytotoxic CD8 T cells (type IV hypersensitivity)
🗑
|
||||
| Cachexia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Most common anemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Most common coagulopathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | gram negative infection
🗑
|
||||
| show | possible marker for lung cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis mitral valve | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | metastasis more important than nodal involvement
🗑
|
||||
| AFP | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | prostate cancer
🗑
|
||||
| show | recurrence colorectal cancer
🗑
|
||||
| BJ (Bence-Jones) protein | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | choriocarcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| show | medullary carcinoma thyroid; hypocalcemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | ADH (hyponatremia), ACTH (ectopic Cushing's)
🗑
|
||||
| Renal cell carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | EPO (polycythemia), insulin-like factor (hypoglycemia)
🗑
|
||||
| show | calcitonin (hypocalcemia), ACTH (ectopic Cushing's)
🗑
|
||||
| Squamous cell carcinoma of lung | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | synthesized in peritubular capillaries
🗑
|
||||
| Reticulocyte count | show 🗑
|
||||
| Extramedullary hematopoiesis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Newborn physiologic anemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pregnancy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Anemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | average volume of RBCs; useful for anemia classification
🗑
|
||||
| MCHC | show 🗑
|
||||
| MCHC | show 🗑
|
||||
| Thalassemias | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | RBC size variation; ↑ iron deficiency; normal in other microcytic anemias
🗑
|
||||
| show | anaerobic glycolysis; no mitochondria or HLA antigens
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ iron deficiency; ↓ anemia chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ iron deficiency, anemia chronic disease; ↑ sideroblastic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ iron deficiency; ↑ anemia chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia; normal thalassemia
🗑
|
||||
| Microcytic anemias | show 🗑
|
||||
| Iron deficiency child | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC menorrhagia
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC peptic ulcer disease
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC colon cancer
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ ferritin; ↓ Fe and % saturation, ↑ TIBC; normocytic then microcytic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| Anemia chronic disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AR; two α-globin gene deletions; normal Hb electrophoresis
🗑
|
||||
| show | three α-globin gene deletions; hemolytic anemia; four β-globin chains
🗑
|
||||
| Hb Bart's disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AR; DNA splicing defect; ↑ HbA2 and F; ↓ HbA
🗑
|
||||
| β-Thalassemia major | show 🗑
|
||||
| Sideroblastic anemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | alcohol, pyridoxine deficiency (isoniazid Rx of TB), Pb poisoning
🗑
|
||||
| Pb poisoning | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S Pb poisoning children | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S Pb poisoning adult | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | coarse basophilic stippling RBCs; ↓ MCV; ↑ blood Pb; ↑ d-aminolevulinic acid
🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin B12 | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | transfers methyl group to homocysteine
🗑
|
||||
| show | binds with B12 in mouth, removed by pancreatic enzymes in small intestine
🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin B12 | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes B12 deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pernicious anemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes folate deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | alcohol, OC, phenytoin, methotrexate, trimethoprim, 5-fluorouracil
🗑
|
||||
| show | inhibited by phenytoin
🗑
|
||||
| show | inhibited by alcohol and OC
🗑
|
||||
| Dihydrofolate reductase | show 🗑
|
||||
| Thymidylate synthetase | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC of increased serum homocysteine
🗑
|
||||
| show | pancytopenia; hypersegmented neutrophils; ↑ homocysteine
🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings unique to B12 deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | PA
🗑
|
||||
| B12 reabsorbed absorbed after administration of antibiotics | show 🗑
|
||||
| B12 reabsorbed absorbed after administration of pancreatic extract | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | initially normal Hb and Hct; 0.9% saline uncovers RBC deficit
🗑
|
||||
| show | drugs (e.g., phenylbutazone); infection (e.g., parvovirus); benzene
🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings aplastic anemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | normocytic; decreased EPO
🗑
|
||||
| show | macrophage phagocytosis of RBCs; ↑ unconjugated bilirubin and urine UBG
🗑
|
||||
| Intravascular hemolysis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AD; defect in spectrin; extravascular hemolysis; splenomegaly
🗑
|
||||
| show | normocytic anemia; dense RBCs, ↑ MCHC, ↑ osmotic fragility
🗑
|
||||
| show | missing decay accelerating factor; complement destruction RBCs, neutrophils, platelets
🗑
|
||||
| S/S PNH | show 🗑
|
||||
| HbSS | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ deoxyhemoglobin (hypoxemia, acidosis); HbS > 60%
🗑
|
||||
| show | inhibits sickling; hydroxyurea ↑ HbF
🗑
|
||||
| show | vasoocclusive crises, hemolytic anemia (extravascular)
🗑
|
||||
| show | dactylitis (6-9 months); Streptococcus pneumoniae sepsis (dysfunctional spleen)
🗑
|
||||
| show | Salmonella paratyphi
🗑
|
||||
| HbSS complications | show 🗑
|
||||
| HbAS | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | HbAS-HbA 55-60%, HbS 40-45%; HbSS-HbS 90-95%, HbF 5-10%
🗑
|
||||
| show | sickle cells; target cells; Howell-Jolly bodies (nuclear remnants)
🗑
|
||||
| G6PD deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| Blood findings G6PD deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ ATP; RBCs dehydrated; ↑ 2,3-BPG (right-shifted OBC)
🗑
|
||||
| show | IgG; extravascular hemolysis; e.g., SLE, drugs
🗑
|
||||
| Cold type AIHA | show 🗑
|
||||
| Penicillin | show 🗑
|
||||
| Methyldopa | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | drug-IgM IC; intravascular hemolysis; type III hypersensitivity
🗑
|
||||
| show | positive direct Coombs'; spherocytes
🗑
|
||||
| Micro-macroangiopathic hemolysis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | aortic stenosis (MCC), DIC, TIP, HUS
🗑
|
||||
| show | schistocytes; iron deficiency from hemoglobinuria
🗑
|
||||
| Malaria | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | exaggerated WBC response to infection; usually due to infection
🗑
|
||||
| Leukoerythroblastic reaction | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes of leukoerythroblastic reaction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | type I hypersensitivity (e.g., penicillin reaction); invasive helminthic infection
🗑
|
||||
| show | pinworms, adult worms in ascariasis
🗑
|
||||
| Atypical lymphocytes | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mononucleosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | exudative tonsillitis, generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly
🗑
|
||||
| show | atypical lymphocytosis; IgM heterophile antibodies against horse RBCs
🗑
|
||||
| Lymphopenia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | viral infections, whooping cough
🗑
|
||||
| Corticosteroids | show 🗑
|
||||
| Chronic MPD | show 🗑
|
||||
| Examples of MPD | show 🗑
|
||||
| Relative polycythemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Absolute polycythemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypoxic stimulus for EPO to generate RBCs
🗑
|
||||
| Causes of appropriate absolute polycythemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | normal plasma volume; ↑ RBC mass; ↓ SaO2; ↑ EPO
🗑
|
||||
| Inappropriate absolute polycythemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes of inappropriate polycythemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Polycythemia vera | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ectopic EPO (renal cell carcinoma) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | marrow fibrosis; extramedullary hematopoiesis; splenomegaly
🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings in myelofibrosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Essential thrombocythemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Myelodysplastic syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | aplastic anemia; acute leukemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | ALL, newborn-14; AML, 15-60; CML, 40-60; CLL, >60
🗑
|
||||
| show | acute, blasts >30% in bone marrow; chronic, blasts <10% in bone marrow
🗑
|
||||
| AML | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | t(15;17); defect in retinoic acid; Rx retinoic acid (↑ maturation); DIC
🗑
|
||||
| show | gum infiltration
🗑
|
||||
| CML | show 🗑
|
||||
| ALL | show 🗑
|
||||
| ALL | show 🗑
|
||||
| CLL | show 🗑
|
||||
| Adult T cell leukemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hairy cell leukemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | germinal follicles, B cells; paracortex, T cells; sinuses, histiocytes
🗑
|
||||
| Testicular cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | metastasizes to left supraclavicular nodes (Virchow node)
🗑
|
||||
| Phenytoin | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cat scratch disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | t(14;18); overexpression of BCL-2 anti-apoptosis gene
🗑
|
||||
| show | t(8;14); EBV association; common childhood NHL; "starry sky" appearance
🗑
|
||||
| Extra nodal lymphomas | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mycosis fungoides | show 🗑
|
||||
| Sezary syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Polyclonal gammopathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | M component (spike); sign of plasma cell disorder
🗑
|
||||
| Confirmatory tests | show 🗑
|
||||
| Bence Jones protein | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | M spike; lytic bone lesions; pathologic fractures; hypercalcemia; renal failure
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC monoclonal gammopathy; may progress to myeloma
🗑
|
||||
| Findings in MGUS | show 🗑
|
||||
| Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hodgkin's lymphoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's | show 🗑
|
||||
| Nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mixed cellularity Hodgkin's | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | stage of disease and type of Hodgkin's most important factors
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ risk for second malignancies (leukemia; NHL)
🗑
|
||||
| show | CD1 positive; Birbeck granules
🗑
|
||||
| show | malignant histiocytosis <2 yrs old; diffuse eczematous rash; organ involvement
🗑
|
||||
| show | malignant; lytic skull lesions, diabetes insipidus, exophthalmos
🗑
|
||||
| show | benign histiocytosis; lytic bone lesions with pathologic fractures
🗑
|
||||
| Mast cells | show 🗑
|
||||
| Urticaria pigmentosum | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | twisted β-sheet; apple green birefringence with Congo red
🗑
|
||||
| Primary amyloidosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Secondary amyloidosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Alzheimer's disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | macrophages have fibrillary appearance; deficiency glucocerebrosidase
🗑
|
||||
| show | macrophages have soap bubble appearance; deficiency sphingomyelinase
🗑
|
||||
| show | splenomegaly; peripheral blood cytopenias; portal hypertension MCC
🗑
|
||||
| show | Howell Jolly bodies; susceptible to Streptococcus pneumoniae sepsis
🗑
|
||||
| show | tissue plasminogen activator, heparin, PGI2 ATIII, protein C/S
🗑
|
||||
| Heparin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | neutralize V and VIII
🗑
|
||||
| show | coagulation factors, thromboxane A2 (platelet aggregation, vasoconstrictor)
🗑
|
||||
| show | inactivate factors V and VIII; enhance fibrinolysis
🗑
|
||||
| show | complexes with factor VIII to enhance VIII:C activity; platelet adhesion
🗑
|
||||
| show | receptors for von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen; synthesize thromboxane A2
🗑
|
||||
| GpIb | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | platelet receptor for fibrinogen
🗑
|
||||
| show | VII
🗑
|
||||
| show | XII, XI, IX, VIII
🗑
|
||||
| Final common pathway factors | show 🗑
|
||||
| Factor XIII | show 🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin K-dependent factors | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | fibrinogen, prothrombin, V, VIII; fluid is called serum
🗑
|
||||
| show | cleaves fibrinogen and insoluble fibrin into degradation products
🗑
|
||||
| Bleeding time | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC of a prolonged bleeding time
🗑
|
||||
| show | ristocetin cofactor assay; vWF antigen assay; agar electrophoresis
🗑
|
||||
| show | evaluates extrinsic pathway to fibrin clot
🗑
|
||||
| PTT | show 🗑
|
||||
| Fibrinolysis tests | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cannot form temporary plug; epistaxis; petechiae; bleeding from scratches
🗑
|
||||
| show | children; antibodies against GpIIb:IIIa; no splenomegaly
🗑
|
||||
| show | SLE; antibodies against GpIIb:IIIa receptors
🗑
|
||||
| Heparin | show 🗑
|
||||
| PF4 | show 🗑
|
||||
| HIV | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | platelet thrombi develop in areas of endothelial damage in small vessels; consumption of platelets
🗑
|
||||
| show | fever, thrombocytopenia, renal failure, hemolytic anemia with schistocytes, CNS deficits
🗑
|
||||
| show | thrombocytopenia, prolonged bleeding time, normal PT and PTT
🗑
|
||||
| HUS | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | no stable fibrin clot-late rebleeding; menorrhagia; GI bleeding; hemarthroses
🗑
|
||||
| Hemophilia A | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AD; platelet adhesion defect + factor VIII deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings in VWD | show 🗑
|
||||
| Desmopressin acetate | show 🗑
|
||||
| Circulating anticoagulants | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab finding in circulating anticoagulant | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ epoxide reductase activity (↓ function vitamin K); hemorrhagic diathesis; ↑ PT
🗑
|
||||
| Causes vitamin K deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | activation coagulation system from release of tissue thromboplastin and/or endothelial cell damage
🗑
|
||||
| DIC | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | septic shock MCC, rattlesnake bite, massive trauma, amniotic fluid
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings DIC | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies; vessel thrombosis
🗑
|
||||
| Warfarin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | full anticoagulation in 3 days when -carboxylated prothrombin disappears
🗑
|
||||
| show | ingredient in rat poison; danger to children in households with grandparents on warfarin
🗑
|
||||
| Rx warfarin over anticoagulation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | enhances ATIII; PTT best test but PT also prolonged
🗑
|
||||
| show | estrogen ↑ coagulation factor synthesis and ATIII; predisposes to thrombosis
🗑
|
||||
| Factor V Leiden | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | no prolongation of PTT with administration of heparin
🗑
|
||||
| show | post-warfarin therapy in patient with heterozygote protein C deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| show | specialized cells that transfer foreign antigens to lymphocytes in Peyer's patches
🗑
|
||||
| Blood group O | show 🗑
|
||||
| Blood group A | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | do not have natural blood group antibodies at birth (e.g., anti-A-lgM)
🗑
|
||||
| show | may lose natural blood group antibodies; no hemolytic reaction to mismatched blood
🗑
|
||||
| Rh antigens | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | antibodies against Rh or non-Rh blood group antigens (e.g., anti-D)
🗑
|
||||
| show | receptor for Plasmodium vivax; blacks often lack Duffy antigen
🗑
|
||||
| Antibody screen | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cytomegalovirus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hepatitis C | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | patient serum reacted against donor RBCs; does not guarantee RBC survival
🗑
|
||||
| Universal donor | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | blood group AB; no natural blood group antibodies in serum
🗑
|
||||
| Packed RBC transfusion | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cryoprecipitate | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | replacement for multiple factor deficiencies (e.g., cirrhosis, DIC)
🗑
|
||||
| show | type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction
🗑
|
||||
| Febrile transfusion reaction | show 🗑
|
||||
| Intravascular HTR | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | antibody attaches to donor RBCs; macrophage phagocytosis and hemolysis
🗑
|
||||
| Positive direct Coomb's test | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | jaundice, no increase in Hb, hemoglobinuria
🗑
|
||||
| ABO HDN | show 🗑
|
||||
| ABO HDN | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mother Rh (D antigen) negative and fetus Rh (O antigen) positive
🗑
|
||||
| show | no hemolysis in first Rh incompatible pregnancy
🗑
|
||||
| Rh HDN | show 🗑
|
||||
| Rh immune globulin | show 🗑
|
||||
| Rh HDN lab | show 🗑
|
||||
| ABO HDN | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | A+ cells destroyed by mothers anti A-lgM
🗑
|
||||
| Blue fluorescent light | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | apex
🗑
|
||||
| show | left parasternal border
🗑
|
||||
| show | right 2nd intercostal space
🗑
|
||||
| PV auscultation | show 🗑
|
||||
| S1 | show 🗑
|
||||
| S2 | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | split in A2 and P2; due to increased blood in right side of heart
🗑
|
||||
| S3 | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes S3 | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | abnormal; due to blood entering non-compliant ventricle with atrial contraction in late diastole
🗑
|
||||
| Causes S4 | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | stretching valve ring or damage to valve
🗑
|
||||
| Inspiration | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | increases left sided abnormal heart sounds and murmurs
🗑
|
||||
| Stenosis murmurs | show 🗑
|
||||
| Regurgitation murmurs | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AV and PV
🗑
|
||||
| Valves opening in diastole | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MV and TV
🗑
|
||||
| Valves closing in diastole | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | primary vehicle for carrying cholesterol
🗑
|
||||
| show | primary vehicle for carrying liver-synthesized triglyceride
🗑
|
||||
| show | AD; deficiency of LDL receptors; ↑ LDL
🗑
|
||||
| show | deficiency apo E; ↑ remnants (chylomicron, intermediate density)
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ VLDL; alcoholics
🗑
|
||||
| show | deficiency apo B48 (chylomicrons) and B100 (VLDL); ↓ CH and TG
🗑
|
||||
| show | malabsorption; hemolytic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| Atherosclerosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | smoking, ↑ LDL, ↑ homocysteine, Chlamydia pneumoniae infection
🗑
|
||||
| show | platelets, macrophages, smooth muscle cells, T cells with cytokine release
🗑
|
||||
| Fibrous plaque | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | marker of an inflammatory atheromatous plaque
🗑
|
||||
| Inflammatory atheromatous plaque | show 🗑
|
||||
| Increased plasma homocysteine | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hyaline arteriolosclerosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mechanisms hyaline arteriolosclerosis in DM | show 🗑
|
||||
| Non-enzymatic glycosylation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pressure pushes proteins into vessel wall
🗑
|
||||
| Abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture | show 🗑
|
||||
| Syphilitic aneurysm | show 🗑
|
||||
| Aortic dissection | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | elastic tissue degeneration creates spaces filled with mucopolysaccharides
🗑
|
||||
| Intimal tear in aorta | show 🗑
|
||||
| Types of dissection | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S proximal aortic dissection | show 🗑
|
||||
| Marfan's | show 🗑
|
||||
| MC COD Marfan's and Ehlers Danlos | show 🗑
|
||||
| Phlebothrombosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | emboli originate from femoral veins
🗑
|
||||
| show | sign of carcinoma of head of pancreas
🗑
|
||||
| Thoracic outlet syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Turner's syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Spider telangiectasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Capillary hemangioma in newborn | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | HHV-8; vascular malignancy; MC cancer in AIDS
🗑
|
||||
| Bacillary angiomatosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Small vessel vasculitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Muscular artery vasculitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Elastic artery vasculitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pulseless disease; young Asian woman
🗑
|
||||
| show | temporal artery granulomatous vasculitis; ipsilateral blindness (ophthalmic artery)
🗑
|
||||
| show | muscular artery vasculitis with vessel thrombosis infarction
🗑
|
||||
| Path findings | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | infarctions in kidneys, skin, GI tract, heart; HBsAg in 30%
🗑
|
||||
| show | angiography identifies aneurysms and thrombosis
🗑
|
||||
| Kawasaki's disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Kawasaki's disease|S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Kawasaki's disease|Rx | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | smoker's digital vasculitis; digital infarction
🗑
|
||||
| show | digital vasculitis in PSS and CREST syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | protein gels in cold temperature; Raynaud's syndrome; HCV association
🗑
|
||||
| show | acral cyanosis relieved by coming indoors
🗑
|
||||
| show | association with c-ANCA; sinusitis, lung infarction, crescentic GN
🗑
|
||||
| show | palpable purpura; crescentic GN; association with p-ANCA
🗑
|
||||
| Henoch-Schönlein purpura | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | e.g., horse antivenin in Rx of rattlesnake envenomation
🗑
|
||||
| Rocky Mountain spotted fever | show 🗑
|
||||
| Meningococcemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | defect in renal excretion of sodium; ↑ plasma volume, ↓ PRA
🗑
|
||||
| show | atherosclerosis renal artery in men; fibromuscular hyperplasia renal artery women
🗑
|
||||
| show | epigastric bruit; ↑ PRA affected kidney, ↓ PRA unaffected kidney
🗑
|
||||
| Endocrine HTN | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypertension | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | resistance ventricles contract against
🗑
|
||||
| show | volume ventricles must eject
🗑
|
||||
| Concentric LVH | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | increased preload; e.g., valve regurgitation; left to right shunts
🗑
|
||||
| show | forward failure; pulmonary edema, pillow orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
🗑
|
||||
| show | LHF due to decreased ventricular contractility (ischemia)
🗑
|
||||
| Diastolic dysfunction | show 🗑
|
||||
| RHF | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | decrease afterload and preload in heart failure
🗑
|
||||
| Diuretics in CHF | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | restrict salt and water
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC COD in United States; left anterior descending coronary artery thrombosis MCC
🗑
|
||||
| Exertional angina | show 🗑
|
||||
| Prinzmetal's angina | show 🗑
|
||||
| Sudden cardiac death | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | severe coronary artery atherosclerosis; absence of occlusive thrombosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | anterior portion left ventricle, anterior 2/3rds IVS
🗑
|
||||
| RCA | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | rupture of inflammatory plaque produces platelet thrombus
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC COD in AMI
🗑
|
||||
| show | no gross changes until 24 hrs
🗑
|
||||
| S/S AMI | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 3rd-7th day
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC type; LAD thrombosis; cardiac tamponade
🗑
|
||||
| show | RCA thrombosis; mitral regurgitation with LHF
🗑
|
||||
| show | LAD thrombosis; left to right shunt; RHF
🗑
|
||||
| Mural thrombus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | first week in transmural AMI; 6 wks later autoimmune
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ventricular aneurysms | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | RCA thrombosis; hypotension, RHF, preserved left ventricular function
🗑
|
||||
| show | CK-MB and troponins; CK-MB absent by 3 days; troponins last 7-10 days
🗑
|
||||
| LDH isoenzymes | show 🗑
|
||||
| Reinfarction | show 🗑
|
||||
| ECG findings in AMI | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ejection fraction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | use internal mammary artery and saphenous veins ("arterialize" after 10 yrs)
🗑
|
||||
| Angioplasty complication | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | highest O2 saturation
🗑
|
||||
| Ductus arteriosis in fetus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ductus arteriosus in newborn | show 🗑
|
||||
| Eisenmenger's syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC congenital heart disease; ↑ SaO2 right ventricle (RV), pulmonary artery (PA)
🗑
|
||||
| ASD | show 🗑
|
||||
| Down syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | machinery murmur; close with indomethacin; ↑ SaO2 PA
🗑
|
||||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ left ventricle, aorta
🗑
|
||||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cyanosis; aorta empties RV; PA empties left ventricle
🗑
|
||||
| Complications cyanotic heart disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Turner's syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Post-ductal coarctation | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | type II hypersensitivity; group A streptococcus pharyngeal infection
🗑
|
||||
| show | sterile vegetations mitral valve (regurgitation); myocarditis with Aschoff nodule
🗑
|
||||
| show | polyarthritis (MC), carditis, erythema marginatum, rheumatoid nodules, chorea
🗑
|
||||
| Mitral stenosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mitral stenosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | myxomatous degeneration of mitral valve; common in Marfan syndrome, Ehlers Danlos
🗑
|
||||
| show | mid-systolic click followed by a murmur; palpitations, chest pain, rupture of chordae
🗑
|
||||
| show | decrease preload (stand, Valsalva, anxiety)
🗑
|
||||
| show | increase preload (supine, squat, clench fist)
🗑
|
||||
| Mitral regurgitation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | LHF, infective endocarditis, acute rheumatic fever
🗑
|
||||
| show | systolic ejection murmur; syncope and angina with exercise; hemolytic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| Aortic stenosis murmur increased preload | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | decreases obstruction and decreases murmur intensity
🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bounding pulses; early diastolic blowing murmur
🗑
|
||||
| Austin Flint murmur | show 🗑
|
||||
| Significance Austin Flint murmur | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | essential HTN, infective endocarditis, acute rheumatic fever, dissection
🗑
|
||||
| show | pansystolic murmur ↑ intensity with inspiration
🗑
|
||||
| show | endocarditis IV drug abuse; RHF; carcinoid heart disease
🗑
|
||||
| show | tricuspid regurgitation, pulmonic stenosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | Streptococcus viridans MCC; Staphylococcus aureus MCC IVDA
🗑
|
||||
| show | Staphylococcus epidermidis (coagulase negative)
🗑
|
||||
| IE ulcerative bowel disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | IC vasculitis-Roth spot, splinter hemorrhages; regurgitant murmurs; metastatic abscesses
🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC of myocarditis (lymphocyte infiltrate in myocardium) and pericarditis
🗑
|
||||
| show | leishmania in Chagas disease
🗑
|
||||
| show | all chamber pressures are uniformally increased
🗑
|
||||
| show | muffled heart sounds, pulsus paradoxus, inspiratory neck vein distention
🗑
|
||||
| Dx and Rx | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pulsus paradoxus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Constrictive pericarditis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Congestive cardiomyopathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Site of obstruction | show 🗑
|
||||
| Effect decreased preload on systolic murmur | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | reduces obstruction and decreases murmur intensity
🗑
|
||||
| Restrictive cardiomyopathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | benign tumor left atrium; embolization; syncope
🗑
|
||||
| Cardiac rhabdomyoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| U wave | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hyperkalemia; MCC renal failure
🗑
|
||||
| ST depression | show 🗑
|
||||
| ST elevation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Atrial fibrillation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | wide QRS complexes; MC arrhythmia in coronary care unit
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC of death in an AMI
🗑
|
||||
| Anterior AMI | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Q waves in II, III, and aVF; right coronary artery thrombosis.
🗑
|
||||
| Wolff-Parkinson-White | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | % O2 breathing (713) - PCO2/0.8
🗑
|
||||
| show | primary lung disease; left to right shunts in heart
🗑
|
||||
| Forced vital capacity | show 🗑
|
||||
| Forced expiratory volume/1 second (FEV1) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cyanotic when breast feeding; turns pink when crying
🗑
|
||||
| Nasal polyps | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | requires sweat test to exclude cystic fibrosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | patient on aspirin (pain syndrome) with nasal polyps, asthma
🗑
|
||||
| show | snoring with intervals of apnea (respiratory acidosis with hypoxemia)
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Sinusitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Laryngeal carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Resorption atelectasis | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | decreased production surfactant; airway collapse; hyaline membranes
🗑
|
||||
| show | synthesize surfactant (lecithin, phosphatidylcholine); stored in lamellar bodies
🗑
|
||||
| show | reduces surface tension in airways; ↑ synthesis cortisol, thyroxine; ↓ synthesis insulin
🗑
|
||||
| show | prematurity, maternal diabetes, C-section
🗑
|
||||
| show | maternal hyperglycemia → fetal hyperglycemia → fetal insulin which ↓ surfactant
🗑
|
||||
| show | O2 FR injury (blindness, bronchopulmonary dysplasia); necrotizing enterocolitis
🗑
|
||||
| Typical community acquired pneumonia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Atypical community acquired pneumonia | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Pseudomonas, aeruginosa MCC (respirators); others - S. aureus, E. coli
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC common cold; hand to mouth transmission
🗑
|
||||
| Respiratory syncytial virus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC croup in child; trachea area of obstruction
🗑
|
||||
| show | basophilic intranuclear inclusion surrounded by halo
🗑
|
||||
| Influenza | show 🗑
|
||||
| Rubeola | show 🗑
|
||||
| Chlamydia pneumoniae | show 🗑
|
||||
| Chlamydia trachomatis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Coxiella burnetii | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | crowded condition; cold agglutinins; azithromycin
🗑
|
||||
| show | gram positive diplococcus; azithromycin
🗑
|
||||
| show | tension pneumatocysts in children with cystic fibrosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | toxin produces ADP ribosylation of elongation factor 2
🗑
|
||||
| Haemophilus influenzae | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | croup, epiglottitis
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC of pneumonia and death in cystic fibrosis; green sputum
🗑
|
||||
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | show 🗑
|
||||
| Legionella pneumophila | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | strict aerobe; MC COD due to infectious disease worldwide
🗑
|
||||
| Candida albicans | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cryptococcus immitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | septate hyphae with fruiting body; fungus ball, extrinsic asthma, vessel invader
🗑
|
||||
| Mucor species | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Southwest deserts; inhale arthrospores in dust; spherule with endospores
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Ohio/central Mississippi river valley; excreta bats (spelunker), chickens
🗑
|
||||
| H. capsulatum | show 🗑
|
||||
| Blastomyces dermatitidis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cysts and trophozoites; pneumonia in HIV; Rx. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
🗑
|
||||
| show | upper portion lower lobe, lower portion upper lobe
🗑
|
||||
| Primary TB | show 🗑
|
||||
| Reactivation TB | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | atypical TB; MC TB in AIDS
🗑
|
||||
| show | AR; 3 nucleotide deletion chromosome 7; defective CFTR (degraded in Golgi apparatus)
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC aspiration oropharyngeal material (mixed aerobe/anaerobe); x-ray - air/fluid level
🗑
|
||||
| show | posterobasal segment right lower lobe
🗑
|
||||
| Aspiration supine | show 🗑
|
||||
| Aspiration right side | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pulmonary thromboembolism | show 🗑
|
||||
| Bronchial artery | show 🗑
|
||||
| Saddle embolus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | dyspnea and tachypnea; pleuritic chest pain; pleural effusion
🗑
|
||||
| Dx | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pleuritic inflammation; pulmonary embolus, pneumonia, pneumothorax
🗑
|
||||
| show | hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis
🗑
|
||||
| Hypoxemia + respiratory acidosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes PH | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cor pulmonale | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ compliance, ↑ elasticity; interstitial fibrosis/edema
🗑
|
||||
| Restrictive lung disease (RLD) | show 🗑
|
||||
| ARDS | show 🗑
|
||||
| ARDS | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pneumoconiosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pneumoconiosis + rheumatoid nodules in lungs
🗑
|
||||
| show | "black lung" disease; progressive massive fibrosis; no increased incidence cancer or TB
🗑
|
||||
| show | quartz; nodular opacities; foundry workers; ↑ incidence cancer and TB
🗑
|
||||
| show | roofing material, old buildings (9/11), pipe-fitter shipyard
🗑
|
||||
| show | asbestos fiber coated by iron
🗑
|
||||
| show | benign pleural plaques (MC); bronchogenic carcinoma (MC cancer); mesothelioma
🗑
|
||||
| show | malignancy of serosa; no smoking association
🗑
|
||||
| show | RLD; MC non-infectious lung and liver granulomatous disease
🗑
|
||||
| show | dyspnea, hilar adenopathy (non-caseating granulomas), uveitis, nodular skin lesions
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ ACE, hypercalcemia (macrophages synthesize 1-α-hydroxylase)
🗑
|
||||
| show | intradermal injection sarcoid antigens causes skin reaction
🗑
|
||||
| show | RLD; lung reaction against thermophilic bacteria in moldy hay
🗑
|
||||
| Silo filler's disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | RLD; reaction against cotton, linen, hemp products in textile industry
🗑
|
||||
| show | RLD; anti-BM antibodies; begins in lungs and ends in renal failure
🗑
|
||||
| show | SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis
🗑
|
||||
| Drugs RLD | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ compliance, ↓ elasticity
🗑
|
||||
| Obstructive lung disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis
🗑
|
||||
| Asthma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | expiratory wheezing (inflamed terminal bronchioles); LTC4,-D4,-E4 bronchoconstrictors
🗑
|
||||
| Charcot-Leyden crystals | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | initial respiratory alkalosis; respiratory acidosis requires intubation
🗑
|
||||
| show | destruction elastic tissue respiratory unit; lung hyperinflation; smoking MCC; pink puffer
🗑
|
||||
| Respiratory unit | show 🗑
|
||||
| Radiograph emphysema | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pathogenesis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Centriacinar emphysema | show 🗑
|
||||
| Panacinar emphysema | show 🗑
|
||||
| Paraseptal emphysema | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings | show 🗑
|
||||
| Chronic bronchitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Site of obstruction | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | obstruction/infection key causes; dilated bronchioles extend to periphery
🗑
|
||||
| show | CF MCC, TB, immotile cilia syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| show | absent dynein arm in cilia; sinusitis, infertility, bronchiectasis, situs inversus
🗑
|
||||
| show | squamous cancer and small cell cancer; men > women
🗑
|
||||
| show | adenocarcinoma; women > men
🗑
|
||||
| show | cavitate; secrete PTH-related protein
🗑
|
||||
| Small cell carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | no smoking relationship; lung consolidation resembling pneumonia
🗑
|
||||
| Scar carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | low grade malignant; hemoptysis; rare cause carcinoid syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Metastatic lung cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pancoast tumor | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Solitary coin lesion | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | primary lung cancer obstructs vessel; venous congestion
🗑
|
||||
| show | thymoma; nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's; teratomas
🗑
|
||||
| Posterior mediastinal masses | show 🗑
|
||||
| Myasthenia gravis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | association with hypogammaglobulinemia, autoimmune disease, pure RBC aplasia
🗑
|
||||
| Pleural effusions | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | rupture subpleural or intrapleural bleb; air/pleural cavity pressure same
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | flap-like pleural tear; increased pleural cavity pressure; compression atelectasis
🗑
|
||||
| show | as above except tracheal shift to opposite side
🗑
|
||||
| Cleft lip/palate | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | multinucleated giant cell with acidophilic intranuclear inclusions on Tzanck prep
🗑
|
||||
| Hairy leukoplakia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bilateral parotitis; unilateral orchitis; ↑ amylase
🗑
|
||||
| Diphtheria | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | notched central incisors
🗑
|
||||
| show | anaerobic gram + filamentous bacteria; complication extracted dental abscess
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Exudative tonsillitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | common in newborn; pre-AIDS defining lesion; yeasts and pseudohyphae
🗑
|
||||
| Dental caries | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mucosal pigmentation; hamartomatous polyps
🗑
|
||||
| show | biopsy to rule out squamous dysplasia or cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Smokeless tobacco | show 🗑
|
||||
| Gum hyperplasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC benign tumor of salivary glands; parotid MC site
🗑
|
||||
| Mucoepidermoid carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lesion obstructing esophagus; e.g., cancer, web
🗑
|
||||
| Plummer-Vinson syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | motor abnormality; e.g., achalasia MCC, PSS or CREST syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| show | polyhydramnios; proximal esophagus ends blindly; distal esophagus derives from trachea
🗑
|
||||
| VATER syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Zenker's diverticulum | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) with acid reflux
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC nocturnal cough and asthma
🗑
|
||||
| AIDS esophagitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Barrett's esophagus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | precursor for adenocarcinoma, stricture
🗑
|
||||
| show | dilated left gastric vein; sign of portal hypertension due to cirrhosis
🗑
|
||||
| Mallory Weiss syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Boerhaave's syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pneumomediastinum (air in subcutaneous tissue)
🗑
|
||||
| show | contain VIP - relaxes LES
🗑
|
||||
| Achalasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bird's beak appearance
🗑
|
||||
| show | Chagas' disease; leishmania destroy ganglion cells
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC primary cancer; due to Barrett's esophagus
🗑
|
||||
| show | smoking MCC; alcohol also causes
🗑
|
||||
| Melena | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | vomiting blood; peptic ulcers MCC
🗑
|
||||
| Congenital pyloric stenosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Acute hemorrhagic (erosive) gastritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mucous barrier stomach | show 🗑
|
||||
| Type A chronic gastritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | due to H. pylori; involves pylorus and antrum
🗑
|
||||
| show | curved rod; urease producer; MCC PUD, adenocarcinoma, gastric lymphoma
🗑
|
||||
| show | lesser curvature pylorus and antrum; poor defense against acid; food aggravates pain
🗑
|
||||
| Duodenal ulcer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | air under diaphragm causes pain in left shoulder
🗑
|
||||
| Menetrier's disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | malignant islet cell tumor secreting gastrin; part of MEN I syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ZE, achlorhydria, gastric distention, H2 or proton blockers; renal failure
🗑
|
||||
| Leiomyoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Intestinal type adenocarcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | linitis plastica; signet ring cells; Krukenberg tumors ovaries
🗑
|
||||
| show | stomach MC site for extranodal lymphomas; H. pylori associated
🗑
|
||||
| show | steatorrhea; chronic pancreatitis, bile salt deficiency, small bowel disease
🗑
|
||||
| Causes bile salt deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| D-xylose screen | show 🗑
|
||||
| Calcification of pancreas | show 🗑
|
||||
| Celiac disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | association with dermatitis herpetiformis
🗑
|
||||
| Whipple's disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Campylobacter jejuni MCC; positive fecal smear for leukocytes
🗑
|
||||
| Secretory diarrhea | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypotonic loss fluid; laxatives, lactase deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| Rotavirus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC diarrhea in adults
🗑
|
||||
| show | common cause diarrhea in AIDS; MCC cholecystitis and pancreatitis in AIDS
🗑
|
||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Bacillus cereus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Clostridium botulinum (adult) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | colonization of bowel with release of neurotoxin; eating honey
🗑
|
||||
| show | pseudomembranous colitis; post-antibiotics; toxin assay stool; Rx metronidazole
🗑
|
||||
| Shigella sonnei | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | gastroenteritis; animal reservoirs - poultry, turtles
🗑
|
||||
| Salmonella paratyphi | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | typhoid fever; human transmission; bradycardia, neutropenia, splenomegaly
🗑
|
||||
| show | gallbladder
🗑
|
||||
| M. tuberculosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Enterotoxigenic E. coli | show 🗑
|
||||
| Vibrio cholerae | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | solution must contain glucose to reabsorb Na+ (co-transport)
🗑
|
||||
| show | mesenteric lymphadenitis; sepsis in iron overload states
🗑
|
||||
| Entamoeba histolytica | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC diarrhea in AIDS; acid-fast oocysts
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC protozoal cause of diarrhea; cause of malabsorption; Rx metronidazole
🗑
|
||||
| show | rectal prolapse in children
🗑
|
||||
| show | anal pruritus; urethritis in girls; no eosinophilia
🗑
|
||||
| show | intestinal obstruction due to adult worms; no eosinophilia
🗑
|
||||
| show | hookworm; iron deficiency anemia
🗑
|
||||
| Strongyloides stercoralis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | fish tapeworm; vitamin B12 deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| show | colicky pain; constipation and obstipation
🗑
|
||||
| Radiograph small bowel obstruction | show 🗑
|
||||
| MCC small bowel obstruction | show 🗑
|
||||
| Duodenal atresia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | absent ganglion cells in submucosal/myenteric plexus rectosigmoid
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hirschsprung association | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | terminal ileum telescopes into cecum; obstruction plus bloody diarrhea
🗑
|
||||
| show | complication of cystic fibrosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | second MCC of small bowel obstruction; common in weight lifting
🗑
|
||||
| show | obstruction of small bowel with gallstone + air in biliary tree
🗑
|
||||
| Volvulus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | protrudes through center of triangle of Hesselbach; no obstruction
🗑
|
||||
| show | common in black children; may entrap bowel in adults
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC site for polyps, cancer, diverticula
🗑
|
||||
| Small bowel infarction | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes small bowel infarction | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ischemic colitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mesenteric angina | show 🗑
|
||||
| Angiodysplasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hematochezia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | persistence omphalomesenteric duct
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Meckel's diverticulitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | diverticulitis MC complication; MCC hematochezia and fistula formation
🗑
|
||||
| Diverticulitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ulcerative colitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | primary sclerosing cholangitis, seronegative HLA B27 + spondyloarthropathy
🗑
|
||||
| show | transmural inflammation; terminal ileum involved 80%; granulomas; skip lesions
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | appendix MC site; terminal ileum MC site for carcinoid syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| show | liver metastasis; flushing/diarrhea due to serotonin; increased urine 5-HIAA
🗑
|
||||
| show | precursor lesion colon cancer; size and number determine risk of malignancy
🗑
|
||||
| show | greatest risk for colon cancer (30%); secrete mucus rich in protein and potassium
🗑
|
||||
| Familial polyposis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Gardner's syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Turcot's syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Colorectal cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | obstruct; MC location rectosigmoid
🗑
|
||||
| show | bleed
🗑
|
||||
| show | due to lymphoid hyperplasia in children and obstruction by fecalith in adults
🗑
|
||||
| External hemorrhoids | show 🗑
|
||||
| Internal hemorrhoids | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | breakdown product CB in bowel (color of stool)
🗑
|
||||
| UBG | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | serum AST>ALT; ↑ serum GGT
🗑
|
||||
| show | serum ALT>AST
🗑
|
||||
| show | serum AP and GGT
🗑
|
||||
| Unconjugated bilirubin | show 🗑
|
||||
| Conjugated bilirubin (CB) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Gilberts, spherocytosis, physiologic jaundice newborn, ABO/Rh HDN
🗑
|
||||
| show | AD; ↓ uptake and conjugation; bilirubin increases with fasting
🗑
|
||||
| Physiologic jaundice newborn | show 🗑
|
||||
| % CB 20-50% | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bile duct obstruction (intra or extrahepatic); carcinoma head of pancreas
🗑
|
||||
| Negative urine bilirubin + trace urobilinogen | show 🗑
|
||||
| Positive urine bilirubin, absent urobilinogen | show 🗑
|
||||
| Positive urine bilirubin + increased urobilinogen | show 🗑
|
||||
| Negative urine bilirubin + increased urobilinogen | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | albumin, PT
🗑
|
||||
| Hepatitis A | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | protective antibodies; accidental needle stick, IVDA; hepatocellular carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Hepatitis C | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | no protective antibodies; requires HBsAg to replicate
🗑
|
||||
| show | vaccination
🗑
|
||||
| Anti-HBs + anti-HBc-IgG | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | acute HBV/chronic HBV infective carrier if >6 months
🗑
|
||||
| Anti HBc-IgM alone | show 🗑
|
||||
| HBsAg + anti-HBc-IgM | show 🗑
|
||||
| Fulminant hepatic failure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | E. coli in adults; S. pneumoniae in children; complication of ascites
🗑
|
||||
| show | TB MC bacteria
🗑
|
||||
| show | Entamoeba histolytica; flask shaped ulcers in cecum; liver abscess; Rx
🗑
|
||||
| Echinococcosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Schistosomiasis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Clonorchis sinensis; ingesting encysted larvae in fish; cholangiocarcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Congestive hepatomegaly (centrilobular necrosis) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hepatic vein thrombosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Portal vein thrombosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Alcohol related disorders | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypertriglyceridemia in alcoholics | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypoglycemia in alcoholics | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ lactate, ↑ ßOHB (acetyl CoA converted to AcAc and then ßOHB)
🗑
|
||||
| show | granulomatous destruction triad bile ducts; anti-mitochondrial antibody
🗑
|
||||
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Extrahepatic biliary atresia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Drugs causing hepatitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Anabolic steroids | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | intrahepatic cholestasis; hepatic adenoma (intraperitoneal hemorrhage)
🗑
|
||||
| show | liver fibrosis, fatty change
🗑
|
||||
| show | vinyl chloride
🗑
|
||||
| Hemochromatosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cirrhosis; "bronze diabetes" - skin pigmentation + destruction of islet cells; malabsorption
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ serum ferritin, iron, % saturation; ↓ TIBC
🗑
|
||||
| show | AR disease; defect in copper excretion in bile and synthesis of ceruloplasmin
🗑
|
||||
| show | cirrhosis, movement disorder (necrosis in putamen), Kayser Fleisher ring (Descemet's membrane)
🗑
|
||||
| Lab | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pre-eclampsia; Hemolytic anemia, ELevated transaminases, Low Platelets
🗑
|
||||
| show | AR, cannot secrete AAT from liver cell; cirrhosis; hepatocellular carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| show | coma and microvesicular fatty change post viral infection; increased ammonia
🗑
|
||||
| show | irreversible fibrosis; regenerative nodules; portal hypertension
🗑
|
||||
| Causes cirrhosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mental status changes; ↑ serum ammonia
🗑
|
||||
| Portal hypertension | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cause of ascites | show 🗑
|
||||
| Rx | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hyperestrinism in men | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings cirrhosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Liver cell adenoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Liver cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | chronic HBV and HCV MCC; ↑ AFP; hepatic/portal vein invasion
🗑
|
||||
| Cholangiocarcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pathogenesis of cholesterol stones | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | sign of extravascular hemolytic anemia (spherocytosis, HbSS)
🗑
|
||||
| Acute cholecystitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Chronic cholecystitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | risk factors - cholelithiasis and porcelain gallbladder
🗑
|
||||
| show | causes - alcohol and gallstones; ↑ amylase and lipase (more specific)
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Sentinel loop | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pancreatic pseudocyst | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | alcohol abuse, CF; malabsorption, pain, type I diabetes
🗑
|
||||
| Pancreatic cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | jaundice/acholic (gray/pale) stools; palpable gallbladder; superficial migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseau's sign); ↑ CA 19-9
🗑
|
||||
| First sign tubule cell dysfunction | show 🗑
|
||||
| Fixed specific gravity | show 🗑
|
||||
| Negative urine bilirubin + trace urobilinogen | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | obstructive jaundice
🗑
|
||||
| show | hepatitis
🗑
|
||||
| Negative urine bilirubin + increased urobilinogen | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | urinary tract infection
🗑
|
||||
| Sterile pyuria | show 🗑
|
||||
| Prerenal azotemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Renal azotemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Postrenal azotemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | <15:1 (renal failure); >15:1 (prerenal or postrenal azotemia)
🗑
|
||||
| show | ratio 10/1 - renal failure
🗑
|
||||
| BUN 80 mg/dL:creatinine 2 mg/dL | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | measures GFR
🗑
|
||||
| show | important sign of renal dysfunction
🗑
|
||||
| RBC casts | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | acute pyelonephritis, acute tubulointerstitial nephritis
🗑
|
||||
| Fatty casts with Maltese crosses | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | normal unless associated with proteinuria
🗑
|
||||
| show | acute tubular necrosis
🗑
|
||||
| Waxy or broad casts | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hexagonal crystals
🗑
|
||||
| Horseshoe kidney | show 🗑
|
||||
| Renal dysplasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Maternal oligohydramnios | show 🗑
|
||||
| Adult polycystic kidney disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Visceral epithelial cells | show 🗑
|
||||
| Glomerular BM | show 🗑
|
||||
| Nephritic syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Nephrotic syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Immunofluorescence | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC GN; usually nephritic; episodic hematuria; mesangial IC (lgA-anti-IgA) deposits
🗑
|
||||
| Post-streptococcal GN | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | nephritic; subendothelial deposits; anti-DNA antibodies
🗑
|
||||
| show | crescents from parietal cell proliferation; worst GN; Goodpasture's, Wegener's
🗑
|
||||
| show | nephritic; anti-BM antibodies (glomerular + pulmonary capillary); crescentic GN
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lipoid nephrosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | nephrotic syndrome; AIDS and IV heroin abuse
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC adult nephrotic syndrome; subepithelial deposits; epimembranous spikes
🗑
|
||||
| Causes membranous GN | show 🗑
|
||||
| Type I MPGN | show 🗑
|
||||
| Type II MPGN | show 🗑
|
||||
| DM nodular glomerulosclerosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | nodules with collagen in mesangium; hyaline arteriolosclerosis of arterioles
🗑
|
||||
| show | inhibit angiotensin II vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles
🗑
|
||||
| Alport's syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | prerenal azotemia MCC; renal tubular cell casts; BUN:creatinine ratio <15:1
🗑
|
||||
| Ischemic ATN | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | aminoglycosides, IVP dye, Pb/mercury poisoning
🗑
|
||||
| show | proximal tubule dysfunction; intact BM
🗑
|
||||
| show | prerenal azotemia, ATN, glomerulonephritis, postrenal azotemia
🗑
|
||||
| Acute pyelonephritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | U-shaped scars overlying blunt calyces
🗑
|
||||
| Drug-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Analgesic nephropathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | BJ protein produces foreign body reaction in tubules
🗑
|
||||
| show | prevent by giving allopurinol prior to chemotherapy
🗑
|
||||
| CRF | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypovitaminosis D (no 1-α-hydroxylase); produces osteomalacia
🗑
|
||||
| show | osteoporosis from metabolic acidosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | secondary HPTH with increased osteoclastic activity
🗑
|
||||
| show | pericarditis, prolonged bleeding time, normocytic anemia, pathologic fractures
🗑
|
||||
| Benign nephrosclerosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Malignant hypertension | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | necrotizing arteriolitis; "flea bitten" kidney; hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
🗑
|
||||
| Renal infarction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | renal stone MCC; atrophy of cortex/medulla; postrenal azotemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | most contain calcium (calcium oxalate/phosphate); hypercalciuria MC risk factor
🗑
|
||||
| show | colicky pain radiating into groin, hematuria; x-ray usually shows stone
🗑
|
||||
| Staghorn calculus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hamartoma; associated with tuberous sclerosis
🗑
|
||||
| Renal cell carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | flank mass, hematuria; ectopic hormones (EPO, PTH related peptide), left-sided varicocele
🗑
|
||||
| Renal pelvis transitional cell carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Wilm's tumor | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | persistent urachus
🗑
|
||||
| show | produces hydronephrosis
🗑
|
||||
| Bladder extrophy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Bladder diverticula | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | E. coli; females > males; no fever, flank pain, or WBC casts
🗑
|
||||
| Bladder transitional cell carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | risk factors persistent urachus, extrophy
🗑
|
||||
| Bladder squamous cell carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypospadias | show 🗑
|
||||
| Epispadias | show 🗑
|
||||
| Peyronie's disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Priapism | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | HPV and lack of circumcision most important risk factors
🗑
|
||||
| show | undescended testis; risk for seminoma applies to cryptorchid testis and normal testis
🗑
|
||||
| Orchitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | <35 - N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis; >35 - E. coli, P. aeruginosa
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Varicocele | show 🗑
|
||||
| Varicocele | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hydrocele | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | testicle high in canal; absent cremasteric reflex
🗑
|
||||
| Testicular cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cryptorchid testis, Klinefelter's, testicular feminization
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC cancer; radiosensitive; large cells with lymphoid infiltrate; small percentage have ↑hCG
🗑
|
||||
| show | >65 yrs of age
🗑
|
||||
| show | hemorrhage/necrosis; hematogenous spread before lymphatic; ↑AFP, hCG
🗑
|
||||
| Yolk sac tumor | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | most aggressive testicle cancer; ↑hCG
🗑
|
||||
| show | more often benign in children than adult
🗑
|
||||
| Teratocarcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Malignant lymphoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Prostate | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | perineal pain, fever; WBCs at end of voiding
🗑
|
||||
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | all men develop; urethral obstruction MC (hesitancy, dribbling, nocturia), hematuria, dysuria Rx
🗑
|
||||
| show | DHT-mediated; palpable with rectal exam; osteoblastic metastasis (↑ AP)
🗑
|
||||
| show | sensitive but not specific for prostate cancer; ↑ in hyperplasia
🗑
|
||||
| Kallmann's syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | failure to sustain an erection; psychogenic in most cases (erections present at night)
🗑
|
||||
| Erection | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ejaculation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Leydig cell failure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ FSH (↓inhibin); ↓ sperm count; normal LH and testosterone
🗑
|
||||
| Leydig and seminiferous tubule failure | show 🗑
|
||||
| Y chromosome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | develops seminal vesicles, epididymis, vas deferens
🗑
|
||||
| show | develops prostate and male external genitalia
🗑
|
||||
| Male pseudohermaphrodite | show 🗑
|
||||
| Testicular feminization | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | XXY; 1 Barr body; female secondary sex characteristics
🗑
|
||||
| Herpes genitalis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | condyloma acuminata; koilocytosis (wrinkled nuclei surrounded by a halo)
🗑
|
||||
| show | metaplastic squamous cells with vacuoles containing elementary bodies
🗑
|
||||
| show | non-specific urethritis, cervicitis, PID, ophthalmia neonatorum
🗑
|
||||
| Neisseria gonorhoeae | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | N gonorrhoeae
🗑
|
||||
| Ophthalmia neonatorum second week | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | C. trachomatis subtype
🗑
|
||||
| show | scrotal/vulva lymphedema; granulomatous microabscesses; rectal strictures in females
🗑
|
||||
| show | painful ulcer, adenopathy, Hemophilus ducreyi
🗑
|
||||
| show | Calymmatobacterium granulomatis; raised ulceration but no lymphadenopathy
🗑
|
||||
| show | spirochete; produces vasculitis of arterioles (plasma cell infiltrate)
🗑
|
||||
| Primary syphilis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | rash on palms/soles; condyloma lata; generalized adenopathy
🗑
|
||||
| show | neurosyphilis (e.g., tabes dorsalis), aortic arch aneurysm, gummas
🗑
|
||||
| show | reagin antibodies against cardiolipin; ↓ titer with Rx of syphilis
🗑
|
||||
| show | false positive with anticardiolipin antibodies (common in SLE)
🗑
|
||||
| show | confirmatory test for syphilis; not distinguish active from treated disease
🗑
|
||||
| show | remains positive after Rx
🗑
|
||||
| Trichomonas vaginalis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Gardnerella vaginalis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | white, curd-like discharge; DM, antibiotics, pregnancy; Rx fluconazole
🗑
|
||||
| Vulvar squamous cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| Vulvar leukoplakia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lichen sclerosis vulva | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | leukoplakia; no cancer risk
🗑
|
||||
| show | intraepithelial adenocarcinoma (mucin production) of vulva
🗑
|
||||
| show | vulva location; similar to Paget cells but not mucin positive
🗑
|
||||
| show | lateral wall vagina; persistent mesonephric duct
🗑
|
||||
| show | bloody, grape-like vaginal mass young girl
🗑
|
||||
| show | maternal exposure to DES; precursor clear cell adenocarcinoma vagina
🗑
|
||||
| Vaginal squamous cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | absence of vagina and uterus
🗑
|
||||
| show | endocervical glands covered by metaplastic squamous epithelium
🗑
|
||||
| Pathologic cervicitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | superficial squamous (estrogen), intermediate (progesterone), parabasal (no hormone)
🗑
|
||||
| show | 70% superficial, 30% intermediate
🗑
|
||||
| Atrophic | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 100% superficial cells
🗑
|
||||
| Pregnancy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Endocervical cells | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cervical polyp | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cervical dysplasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Risk factors cervical dysplasia/cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cervical intraepithelial dysplasia; mild, moderate, severe (in-situ)
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ incidence (Pap smear); 45-yr-old; COD renal failure from obstruction of ureters
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Sequence to menarche | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | estrogen-dependent; ↑estrogen inhibits FSH and stimulates LH
🗑
|
||||
| show | day 14-I6; LH surge; subnuclear vacuoles; ↑body temperature
🗑
|
||||
| show | progesterone-dependent
🗑
|
||||
| Menses | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | stimulates follicle and aromatase synthesis in granulosa cells
🗑
|
||||
| LH | show 🗑
|
||||
| Day 21 | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pregnancy | show 🗑
|
||||
| hCG | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | stimulates corpus luteum of pregnancy to synthesize progesterone for 8-10 weeks
🗑
|
||||
| show | estrogen of postmenopausal woman; aromatization of adrenal androstenedione
🗑
|
||||
| Estradiol | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | estrogen of pregnancy
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ FSH (best screen; due to ↓estrogen), ↑LH
🗑
|
||||
| show | secondary amenorrhea, hot flushes
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ hair in normal areas
🗑
|
||||
| show | hirsutism + male secondary sex characteristics (clitoromegaly)
🗑
|
||||
| Test for hirsutism/virilization | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ LH; ↓ FSH; ↑ estrogen and androgens
🗑
|
||||
| show | hirsutism, oligomenorrhea, infertility; enlarged ovaries with subcortical cysts; LH:FSH >2:1
🗑
|
||||
| Menorrhagia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Dysmenorrhea | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bleeding related to hormone rather than anatomic causes
🗑
|
||||
| show | menarche and perimenopause; estrogen excess without progesterone
🗑
|
||||
| Ovulatory DUB | show 🗑
|
||||
| Primary amenorrhea | show 🗑
|
||||
| Secondary amenorrhea | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ FSH/LH; e.g., hypopituitarism
🗑
|
||||
| Amenorrhea-ovarian dysfunction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | normal FSH/LH; e.g., imperforate hymen
🗑
|
||||
| show | surgical removal of stratum basalis
🗑
|
||||
| Primary amenorrhea-normal secondary sex characteristics | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Turner's
🗑
|
||||
| show | XO; no Barr bodies; XO/XY types have gonadoblastomas; streak gonads (no eggs)
🗑
|
||||
| show | newborn with lymphedema hands/feet; cystic hygroma in neck (web); short stature; 1° amenorrhea
🗑
|
||||
| show | pregnancy MCC; prolactinoma; anorexia nervosa; pituitary adenoma
🗑
|
||||
| show | removal of stratum basalis causing scarring; secondary amenorrhea
🗑
|
||||
| show | group B streptococcus; intrauterine device (Actinomyces); chronic - plasma cells
🗑
|
||||
| show | menorrhagia; not a precursor for endometrial cancer
🗑
|
||||
| show | functioning endometrial glands and stroma in myometrium; enlarged uterus
🗑
|
||||
| Endometriosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Endometrial hyperplasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | obesity, estrogen Rx, polycystic ovarian syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| show | obesity, nulliparity, estrogen Rx, early menarche/late menopause; OC protective
🗑
|
||||
| show | bleeding in postmenopausal woman
🗑
|
||||
| Leiomyoma uterus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Leiomyosarcoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ectopic pregnancy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC ovarian mass in young woman
🗑
|
||||
| show | nulliparity and genetic factors; OC protective
🗑
|
||||
| show | surface-derived; ↑ bilaterality; psammoma bodies in malignant type
🗑
|
||||
| Mucinous ovarian tumors | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | resembles endometrial cancer; association with endometriosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC benign germ cell tumor (<1% malignant); hair/teeth; calcifications
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC malignant germ cell tumor; associated with streak gonads of Turners
🗑
|
||||
| Yolk sac tumor | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ovarian fibroma, ascites, right-sided pleural effusion
🗑
|
||||
| show | low grade malignant; hyperestrinism, Call Exner bodies
🗑
|
||||
| Thecoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hyperandrogenism
🗑
|
||||
| show | XY phenotype of Turner's
🗑
|
||||
| Krukenberg tumors | show 🗑
|
||||
| Single umbilical artery | show 🗑
|
||||
| Syncytiotrophoblast | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | responsible for mild glucose intolerance in pregnancy
🗑
|
||||
| Abruptio placenta | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | placenta implanted over cervical os; painless bleeding
🗑
|
||||
| show | direct implantation into myometrium without intervening decidua; hysterectomy
🗑
|
||||
| Twin placenta | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | monoamniotic monochorionic twin placenta
🗑
|
||||
| show | DM, Rh HDN, syphilis
🗑
|
||||
| show | benign neoplasm of chorionic villi; dilated villi; no embryo; 46 XX (both male)
🗑
|
||||
| show | preeclampsia in first trimester; ↑ incidence choriocarcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| show | embryo present; 68 XXY; no transformation into choriocarcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Choriocarcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | complete mole (MC), spontaneous abortion, normal pregnancy
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑hCG; lung metastasis; good prognosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | group B streptococcus (S. agalactiae) infection
🗑
|
||||
| show | abnormal placentation causing placental ischemia; ↑ in vasoconstrictors (ATII)
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 50% have karyotype deformity (trisomy 16)
🗑
|
||||
| Amniotic fluid | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | TE fistula, duodenal atresia, open neural tube defects
🗑
|
||||
| Oligohydramnios | show 🗑
|
||||
| ↑ Serum AFP | show 🗑
|
||||
| ↓ Serum AFP | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | fetal adrenal, placental, maternal liver involved in its production
🗑
|
||||
| Down syndrome triad | show 🗑
|
||||
| Fibrocystic change | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | component of FCC; involves terminal lobules often has microcalcifications
🗑
|
||||
| Fibroadenoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Intraductal papilloma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Invasive ductal cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | unopposed estrogen; family history first-degree relatives
🗑
|
||||
| show | painless mass upper outer quadrant in woman >50-yrs-old
🗑
|
||||
| show | screening test to detect non-palpable masses
🗑
|
||||
| Palpable breast mass | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | necrotic centers (comedo); microcalcifications common
🗑
|
||||
| show | invasive ductal cancer into nipple; Paget's cells similar to vulvar Paget's
🗑
|
||||
| Medullary carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | orange peel appearance; lymphatics blocked by tumor (lymphedema)
🗑
|
||||
| Lobular cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| Phyllodes tumor | show 🗑
|
||||
| ER-PR positive tumors | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | aggressive breast cancer
🗑
|
||||
| show | estrogen stimulation of male breast
🗑
|
||||
| show | normal in newborn, puberty (no surgery), old age; (micronodular) cirrhosis MC pathologic cause
🗑
|
||||
| show | most often adenomas; use suppression tests (most do not suppress)
🗑
|
||||
| show | prolactinoma (bromocriptine), pituitary Cushings (high dose dexamethasone)
🗑
|
||||
| show | autoimmune destruction MCC; stimulation tests
🗑
|
||||
| Hypopituitarism adults | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypopituitarism in children | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | amenorrhea, ↓ testosterone in male
🗑
|
||||
| show | muscle growth, gluconeogenesis; release of insulin growth factor (IGF)
🗑
|
||||
| show | synthesized in liver; bone and cartilage growth
🗑
|
||||
| S/S ↓ GH/IGF in children | show 🗑
|
||||
| Sleep and arginine infusion | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypoglycemia
🗑
|
||||
| S/S ↓ TSH | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | secondary hypocortisolism; ↓ cortisol, ↓ ACTH; fatigue; hypoglycemia
🗑
|
||||
| Metyrapone | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | blocks adrenal 11-hydroxylase → ↑ ACTH and 11-deoxycortisol (proximal to block)
🗑
|
||||
| show | pituitary/hypothalamic dysfunction
🗑
|
||||
| Metyrapone test ↑ ACTH and 11-deoxycortisol | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | loss ADH (central), refractory to ADH (nephrogenic); always diluting urine
🗑
|
||||
| Central diabetes insipidus (CDI) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes CDI | show 🗑
|
||||
| Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lithium, demeclocycline, nephrocalcinosis, severe hypokalemia
🗑
|
||||
| Gigantism | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | GH secreting pituitary adenoma after epiphyses have fused
🗑
|
||||
| show | cardiomyopathy; large hands, feet, jaw; hyperglycemia
🗑
|
||||
| Prolactin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC pituitary tumor; secondary amenorrhea and galactorrhea; prolactin inhibits GnRH
🗑
|
||||
| show | surgery or bromocriptine (dopamine analog)
🗑
|
||||
| Other causes hyperprolactinemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Inappropriate ADH syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | small cell carcinoma lung, CNS injury, chlorpropamide
🗑
|
||||
| show | restrict water; demeclocycline in small cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Serum T4 | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ TBG; due to ↑ in estrogen
🗑
|
||||
| ↑ Serum T4 and ↓ TSH | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ TBG; due to anabolic steroids
🗑
|
||||
| ↓ Serum T4 and ↑ TSH | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | secondary hypothyroidism
🗑
|
||||
| TSH | show 🗑
|
||||
| I131 uptake | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | non-functioning nodule; no uptake I131
🗑
|
||||
| show | functioning nodule; ↑ uptake I131
🗑
|
||||
| Thyroglossal duct cyst | show 🗑
|
||||
| Branchial cleft cyst | show 🗑
|
||||
| Acute/subacute thyroiditis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC hypothyroidism; HLA Dr3/Dr5; inhibitory IgG TSH receptor antibody
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ anti microsomal and thyroglobulin antibodies
🗑
|
||||
| show | muscle weakness, periorbital puffiness, ↓ reflexes, diastolic hypertension, constipation, dry skin
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ T4, ↑ TSH
🗑
|
||||
| Cretinism | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Thyrotoxicosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ synthesis thyroid hormone; Graves disease and toxic nodular goiter
🗑
|
||||
| show | autoantibody against TSH receptor (type II reaction); HLA Dr3
🗑
|
||||
| S/S unique to Graves | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S thyrotoxicosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ T4, ↓ TSH, ↑ glucose, ↑ calcium
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ Graves, toxic nodular goiter; ↓ thyroiditis, excess hormone, hypothyroidism
🗑
|
||||
| Rx Graves disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hyperthyroidism; develops out of a multinodular goiter; no exophthalmos
🗑
|
||||
| show | enlarged thyroid; iodine deficiency MCC; relative thyroid hormone deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | most often benign (cyst)
🗑
|
||||
| show | often malignant
🗑
|
||||
| Papillary carcinoma thyroid | show 🗑
|
||||
| Follicular carcinoma thyroid | show 🗑
|
||||
| Medullary carcinoma thyroid | show 🗑
|
||||
| MEN I syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| MEN IIa syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1 P; medullary carcinoma thyroid, pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas
🗑
|
||||
| show | tetany with normal total calcium, ↓ ionized calcium and ↑ PTH
🗑
|
||||
| Hypoalbuminemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ ionized calcium level; threshold potential comes closer to resting potential
🗑
|
||||
| show | thumb adducts into palm, twitching after tapping of facial nerve
🗑
|
||||
| PTH | show 🗑
|
||||
| Primary HPTH | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cause | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | renal stone, peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, hypertension, metastatic calcification
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ Ca2+, ↑ PTH; hypovitaminosis D from renal failure MCC
🗑
|
||||
| Malignancy-induced hypercalcemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes hypercalcemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypercalcemia developing from secondary HPTH
🗑
|
||||
| Primary hypoparathyroidism | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | previous thyroid surgery, autoimmune, DiGeorge syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ Ca2+ with normal to ↑ PTH; end-organ resistance to PTH
🗑
|
||||
| Other causes ↓ Ca2+ | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | primary hypoparathyroidism
🗑
|
||||
| ↓ Ca2+ and ↑ PTH | show 🗑
|
||||
| ↑ Ca2+ and ↑ PTH | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | malignancy induced hypercalcemia; other causes hypercalcemia
🗑
|
||||
| Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Addison's disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypotension (salt loss), hyperpigmentation (ACTH), hypoglycemia
🗑
|
||||
| Lab | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AR; enzyme deficiency; hypocortisolism; hyperpigmentation from ↑ ACTH
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ 17 KS, ↓ 17 OH, lose salt, hypotension; female pseudohermaphrodite
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ 17 KS, ↑ 17 OH, retain salt, hypertension; female pseudohermaphrodite
🗑
|
||||
| 17-Hydroxylase deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| MCC Cushings | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | low/high dose dexamethasone suppression; urine free cortisol (best test)
🗑
|
||||
| show | cortisol analogue; ↓ ACTH and ↑ cortisol
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC Cushing's; ACTH secreting pituitary tumor
🗑
|
||||
| show | low dose dexamethasone not suppress cortisol; high dose suppresses
🗑
|
||||
| show | adrenal adenoma secreting cortisol; suppressed ACTH
🗑
|
||||
| show | no suppression with low/high dose dexamethasone
🗑
|
||||
| show | ACTH secreting small cell carcinoma of lung; high ACTH and cortisol levels
🗑
|
||||
| Lab | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S Cushings | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | benign adenoma in zona glomerulosa
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | benign tumor in adrenal medulla in adults
🗑
|
||||
| show | von Hippel Lindau, neurofibromatosis, MEN IIa and IIb
🗑
|
||||
| show | labile hypertension, anxiety, sweating, headache
🗑
|
||||
| Lab | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | malignant tumor adrenal medulla child; widespread metastasis; hypertension
🗑
|
||||
| ß-islet cell tumor (insulinoma) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Patient taking excess insulin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | malignant α-islet cell tumor; hyperglycemia and rash
🗑
|
||||
| show | malignant islet cell tumor secreting gastrin; peptic ulcers
🗑
|
||||
| Somatostatinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | malignant islet cell tumor; diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria
🗑
|
||||
| DM | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | young, thin person; no insulin; HLA DR3/4; insulitis; islet cell antibodies; ketoacidosis
🗑
|
||||
| Type 2 | show 🗑
|
||||
| Type 2 | show 🗑
|
||||
| ↑ Non-enzymatic glycosylation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ vessel permeability producing hyaline arteriolosclerosis
🗑
|
||||
| Osmotic damage | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lens (cataracts), Schwann cell (neuropathy), pericytes retinal vessels (microaneurysms)
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ gluconeogenesis (most important), glycogenolysis
🗑
|
||||
| show | no insulin to stimulate capillary lipoprotein lipase; ↑ chylomicrons/VLDL
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ oxidation fatty acids with excess acetyl CoA; liver synthesis ketone bodies
🗑
|
||||
| show | neuropathy, blindness, CRF, hyperglycemia, non-traumatic amputation
🗑
|
||||
| show | measure of long term glycemic control (8-12 weeks)
🗑
|
||||
| Gestational DM | show 🗑
|
||||
| Complications | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypoglycemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Carnitine deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| Monosodium urate crystals (MSU) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Calcium pyrophosphate crystals (pseudogout) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Osteoarthritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | weight bearing (femoral head); DIP joint (Heberden's nodes), PIP joints (Bouchard nodes)
🗑
|
||||
| Neuropathic joint | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | female dominant; HLA Dr4
🗑
|
||||
| RF | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pannus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Joints | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Rx | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | destruction lacrimal and minor salivary glands; RA; anti-SS-Ro/SS-La (SSa and SSb)
🗑
|
||||
| show | dry eyes and dry mouth
🗑
|
||||
| Caplan syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Felty's syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | underexcretion of uric acid; big toe first affected; tophus in soft tissue sign chronic gout
🗑
|
||||
| Gout associations | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MSU crystals produce foreign body giant cell reaction next to joint
🗑
|
||||
| show | probenecid and sulfinpyrazone
🗑
|
||||
| Allopurinol | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | involves knee; linear calcification in articular cartilage
🗑
|
||||
| Ankylosing spondylitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | sacroiliitis; bamboo spine causing kyphosis; aortitis; uveitis
🗑
|
||||
| Associations | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | HLA-B27; Chlamydia urethritis; arthritis; conjunctivitis; Achilles tendon periostitis
🗑
|
||||
| Osteomyelitis children | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Salmonella paratyphi
🗑
|
||||
| show | puncture of foot when wearing rubber foot wear
🗑
|
||||
| show | usually involves vertebra (Pott's disease)
🗑
|
||||
| show | female dominant; C6-C9 deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| show | septic arthritis (knee); tendinitis/synovitis and skin pustules in feet/wrists
🗑
|
||||
| Lyme disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Early S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | arthritis, Bell's palsy (often bilateral), myocarditis, Rx doxycycline
🗑
|
||||
| show | carried by Ixodes tick; Babesia are intraerythrocytic parasites; hemolytic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | potential for Pasteurella multocida septic arthritis
🗑
|
||||
| Osgood Schlatter's | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AD; ↓ synthesis type I collagen; pathologic fractures; blue sclera
🗑
|
||||
| Blue sclera | show 🗑
|
||||
| Achondroplasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | normal head/vertebral column, short extremities
🗑
|
||||
| show | AD/AR; osteoclast defect; too much bone; pathologic fractures
🗑
|
||||
| Osteoporosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Postmenopausal osteoporosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Colles fracture | show 🗑
|
||||
| Prevention | show 🗑
|
||||
| Aseptic necrosis femoral head | show 🗑
|
||||
| Scaphoid bone fracture | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | fracture of distal radius; damage to brachial artery and median nerve
🗑
|
||||
| show | aseptic necrosis of ossification center (femoral head) in children
🗑
|
||||
| Paget's disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | radiolucent lesion in cortex proximal femur; nocturnal pain relieved by aspirin
🗑
|
||||
| Osteogenic sarcoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | "sunburst" appearance, Codman's triangle
🗑
|
||||
| Ewing's sarcoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | "onion skinning"
🗑
|
||||
| Osteochondroma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Chondrosarcoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Giant cell tumor | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | primary muscle disease, neurosynapse disease, neurogenic disease
🗑
|
||||
| Duchenne's muscular dystrophy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Dystrophin | show 🗑
|
||||
| Becker's dystrophy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Myotonic dystrophy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | autoantibody against acetylcholine receptors (type II); thymic hyperplasia B cells
🗑
|
||||
| show | diplopia at end of day first sign; dysphagia solids/liquids upper esophagus; thymoma
🗑
|
||||
| show | fibromatosis palmar fascia
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC soft tissue tumor
🗑
|
||||
| Liposarcoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Autoimmune disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | greatest sensitivity for detecting SLE
🗑
|
||||
| SLE | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | malar rash, photophobia, joint pain, fibrinous pericarditis, nephritic GN
🗑
|
||||
| Drug-induced lupus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Antiphospholipid antibodies | show 🗑
|
||||
| PSS | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | centromere antibody/calcinosis; Raynaud; esophageal dysmotility; sclerodactyly; telangiectasia
🗑
|
||||
| Dermatomyositis/polymyositis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mixed connective tissue disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | myasthenia gravis
🗑
|
||||
| show | Goodpasture's syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| show | celiac disease
🗑
|
||||
| show | type I diabetes
🗑
|
||||
| Antibody against intrinsic factor and parietal cell | show 🗑
|
||||
| Antibody against microsome and thyroglobulin | show 🗑
|
||||
| Antibody against mitochondria | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Wegener's granulomatosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | microscopic polyangiitis
🗑
|
||||
| Antibody against TSH receptor | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ thickness of stratum corneum; absent granular layer
🗑
|
||||
| show | "liver spot" in elderly; increased melanocytes
🗑
|
||||
| Senile purpura | show 🗑
|
||||
| Acute eczema | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | dry, thickened, pruritic skin
🗑
|
||||
| show | dry skin, eczema (type I reaction); children - face, intertriginous areas
🗑
|
||||
| show | type IV hypersensitivity; poison ivy, nickel rash
🗑
|
||||
| show | tetracycline; rash in sun exposed areas
🗑
|
||||
| show | KOH preparation shows fungi located in stratum corneum
🗑
|
||||
| show | Trichophyton tonsurans MCC (negative Wood's lamp)
🗑
|
||||
| Tinea capitis child with dog | show 🗑
|
||||
| Tinea versicolor | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | dandruff; Malassezia furfur
🗑
|
||||
| Molluscum contagiosum | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Koplik's spots; Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells
🗑
|
||||
| show | teratogenic; rash; postauricular adenopathy; arthritis in adults
🗑
|
||||
| Parvovirus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Roseola | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | toxin-producing S. aureus; tampon wearing; hypotension, desquamating rash
🗑
|
||||
| Scarlet fever | show 🗑
|
||||
| Actinic (solar) keratosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | elevated salmon-colored plaques covered by silver-colored scales; nail pitting
🗑
|
||||
| show | herald patch followed by rash in lines of cleavage
🗑
|
||||
| show | chickenpox; rash at different stages; Reye syndrome association
🗑
|
||||
| show | vesicular rash following a sensory dermatome
🗑
|
||||
| HSV and Varicella-zoster virus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | group A streptococcus; honey crusted lesions on face
🗑
|
||||
| Pemphigus vulgaris | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | intraepidermal bullae; acantholytic cells; row of tombstones
🗑
|
||||
| Bullous pemphigoid | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | subepidermal bullae
🗑
|
||||
| show | type II hypersensitivity
🗑
|
||||
| Dermatitis herpetiformis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | association with celiac disease
🗑
|
||||
| show | vesicles and bullae; bullseye appearance
🗑
|
||||
| show | drugs, M. pneumoniae infection
🗑
|
||||
| Stevens Johnson syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | androgen dependent (receptor on sebaceous glands)
🗑
|
||||
| Acne vulgaris | show 🗑
|
||||
| Acne rosacea | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | type I and III reactions; type I due to mast cell release of histamine (drugs, fire ant bites)
🗑
|
||||
| Angioedema | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | traumatic implantation of Sporothrix fungus into subcutaneous tissue
🗑
|
||||
| show | rose gardener, lobster fisherman (sphagnum moss)
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | intact cellular immunity (positive lepromin skin test); granulomas; no organisms
🗑
|
||||
| show | autoamputation of digits; skin depigmentation and anesthesia
🗑
|
||||
| show | defective cellular immunity (negative lepromin skin test); no granulomas
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Grenz zone (zone free organisms) foamy macrophages with organisms
🗑
|
||||
| show | dapsone
🗑
|
||||
| Erythema nodosum | show 🗑
|
||||
| Associations | show 🗑
|
||||
| Keratoacanthoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma
🗑
|
||||
| Vitiligo | show 🗑
|
||||
| Seborrheic keratosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | multiple outcroppings seborrheic keratosis; consider stomach cancer
🗑
|
||||
| show | verrucoid pigmented lesion usually in axilla; associated with gastric cancer
🗑
|
||||
| show | pregnancy mask due to increased melanocytes
🗑
|
||||
| show | benign pigmented tumor modified melanocytes
🗑
|
||||
| Histology | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | precursor for malignant melanoma
🗑
|
||||
| show | malignant tumor of melanocytes; most rapidly increasing cancer worldwide
🗑
|
||||
| ABCD for melanoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | severe sunburn at early age (MC), dysplastic nevi
🗑
|
||||
| Radial growth phase | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | malignant cells penetrate into dermis; potential for metastasis
🗑
|
||||
| show | face of elderly
🗑
|
||||
| Superficial spreading melanoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | aggressive tumor with no radial growth phase
🗑
|
||||
| show | palms, soles, under nails; may occur in blacks
🗑
|
||||
| Prognosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | sunscreen >15
🗑
|
||||
| show | photosensitive bullous disease; deficiency uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
🗑
|
||||
| show | hypertrichosis, fragile skin, port wine colored urine (uroporphyrins)
🗑
|
||||
| Black widow (Latrodectus) envenomation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | necrotoxin; skin ulcer
🗑
|
||||
| show | choroid plexus in ventricles; enters subarachnoid space; removed by arachnoid granulations
🗑
|
||||
| show | less protein and glucose than serum; scant number of cells; ↑ chloride
🗑
|
||||
| show | yellow colored CSF due to bilirubin pigment; indicates subarachnoid hemorrhage
🗑
|
||||
| show | sign of cerebral edema (intracranial hypertension)
🗑
|
||||
| Uncal herniation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | midbrain hemorrhage; CN III palsy (pupil down/out); mydriasis
🗑
|
||||
| show | compression of parasympathetic system
🗑
|
||||
| Cerebellar tonsils herniate into foramen magnum | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ CSF volume with distention of ventricles
🗑
|
||||
| Non-communicating | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | choroid plexus papilloma; scarring of arachnoid granulations
🗑
|
||||
| show | progressive dementia, wide-based gait, urinary incontinence; THINK
🗑
|
||||
| Open neural tube defects | show 🗑
|
||||
| Spina bifida occulta | show 🗑
|
||||
| Meningocele | show 🗑
|
||||
| Meningomyelocele | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | elongation medulla/cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis; hydrocephalus
🗑
|
||||
| Syringomyelia | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Tuberous sclerosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Tuberous sclerosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AD; pigmented neurofibromas; cafe au lait spots
🗑
|
||||
| Associations | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | nuchal rigidity
🗑
|
||||
| CSF findings viral meningitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| CSF findings bacterial meningitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Encephalitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Coxsackievirus | show 🗑
|
||||
| HSV-1 | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | skunk and bat common vectors; Negri bodies in neurons; hydrophobia; flaccid paralysis
🗑
|
||||
| show | intranuclear inclusions; periventricular calcification in congenital infection
🗑
|
||||
| show | destruction of anterior horn cells; flaccid paralysis
🗑
|
||||
| show | slow virus disease due to rubeola (measles virus)
🗑
|
||||
| show | slow virus disease due to JC virus; common in AIDS
🗑
|
||||
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Risk factors | show 🗑
|
||||
| Meningitis newborn | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | newborn meningitis; gram + rods; pregnant mother should avoid soft cheeses
🗑
|
||||
| Neisseria meningitidis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | complication primary TB; base of brain meningitis with vasculitis
🗑
|
||||
| Neurosyphilis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | vasculitis causing strokes
🗑
|
||||
| show | syphilis with dementia and brain atrophy
🗑
|
||||
| show | posterior root ganglia/posterior column; ataxia; absent deep tendon reflexes; Argyll-Robertson pupil
🗑
|
||||
| Argyll-Robertson pupil | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC opportunistic CNS fungal disease; positive India ink
🗑
|
||||
| show | frontal lobe abscess in diabetic ketoacidosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC space occupying lesion in AIDS; avoid cat litter and raw meat in pregnancy
🗑
|
||||
| Congenital toxoplasmosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Naegleria and Acanthamoeba | show 🗑
|
||||
| Taenia solium | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | larval form of T. solium; produces blindness and calcified cysts in CNS (seizures)
🗑
|
||||
| Coup injuries | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | contusion on opposite side of injury; frontal and temporal lobes
🗑
|
||||
| Epidural hematoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | tear bridging veins; venous blood clot; fluctuating levels of consciousness
🗑
|
||||
| show | neurons more susceptible to damage than neuroglial cells
🗑
|
||||
| show | liquefactive necrosis at watershed areas in cortex
🗑
|
||||
| show | pale infarction (liquefactive necrosis) extending to periphery of cerebral cortex
🗑
|
||||
| Causes atherosclerotic stroke | show 🗑
|
||||
| MCA stroke | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | loss vision described as curtain going down and then up
🗑
|
||||
| Cause | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | vertigo, ataxia, ipsilateral sensory loss face/contralateral hemiparesis/sensory
🗑
|
||||
| show | hemorrhagic infarction extending to periphery cerebral cortex due to embolization
🗑
|
||||
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | rupture of aneurysm of lenticulostriate vessels
🗑
|
||||
| show | basal ganglia MC site
🗑
|
||||
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | microinfarctions; due to hyaline arteriolosclerosis (hypertension, diabetes)
🗑
|
||||
| show | posterior limb internal capsule
🗑
|
||||
| Pure sensory stroke | show 🗑
|
||||
| Multiple sclerosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | scanning speech, intention tremor, nystagmus, paresthesias, weakness
🗑
|
||||
| show | multiple sclerosis; demyelination MLF
🗑
|
||||
| show | sign of demyelination
🗑
|
||||
| Central pontine myelinolysis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Alzheimer's disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ amyloid-ß destroys neurons; occipital lobe spared
🗑
|
||||
| Alzheimer's disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Down syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | gene product has high affinity for amyloid-ß
🗑
|
||||
| show | depigmentation substantia nigra neurons; Lewy bodies; ↓ dopamine
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | CO poisoning, Wilson's, MPTP (meperidine derivative), drugs
🗑
|
||||
| Huntington's disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | movement disorder; dementia
🗑
|
||||
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Werdnig Hoffman disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AR; excess copper; cystic degeneration of putamen/globus pallidus
🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin B12 deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, cerebellar atrophy, central pontine myelinolysis
🗑
|
||||
| show | thiamine deficiency; IV with glucose can prompt acute attack
🗑
|
||||
| show | mammillary body hemorrhage (ring hemorrhages)
🗑
|
||||
| show | confusion, ataxia, nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia
🗑
|
||||
| Korsakoff's psychosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Window sill test | show 🗑
|
||||
| Rx | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 70% supratentorial; frontal lobe MC site
🗑
|
||||
| Childhood brain tumors | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | GBM, meningioma, acoustic neuroma
🗑
|
||||
| show | high grade astrocytoma; hemorrhage and necrosis; may cross corpus callosum
🗑
|
||||
| Meningioma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | schwannoma of the VIIIth nerve; tinnitus; sensorineural hearing loss; neurofibromatosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | astrocytoma cerebellum (MC), medulloblastoma
🗑
|
||||
| Astrocytoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | malignant tumor cerebellum; invades fourth ventricle
🗑
|
||||
| Ependymoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Oligodendroglioma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | metastasis MCC; primary CNS lymphoma associated with EBV in AIDS
🗑
|
||||
| Metastasis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | benign tumor Schwann cell; MC peripheral nerve tumor; alternating dark and light areas
🗑
|
||||
| show | due to HIV; multinucleated microglial cells
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC of blindness in AIDS; Rx. ganciclovir (foscarnet if unsuccessful)
🗑
|
||||
| show | myelin destruction (sensory; paresthesias); axon destruction (muscle atrophy)
🗑
|
||||
| Peripheral neuropathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Guillain-Barre syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Risk factors | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ascending paralysis; CSF increased protein, lymphocytes; Rx. plasmapheresis
🗑
|
||||
| show | AD; common peroneal nerve palsy; inverted bottle appearance
🗑
|
||||
| Idiopathic Bell's palsy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | facial nerve MC cranial nerve involved; bilateral Bell's palsy
🗑
|
||||
| show | Staphylococcus aureus
🗑
|
||||
| Viral conjunctivitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | amaurosis fugax, central retinal artery or vein occlusion
🗑
|
||||
| Uveitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | multiple sclerosis MCC; methyl alcohol poisoning
🗑
|
||||
| Glaucoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Optic atrophy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Macular degeneration | show 🗑
|
||||
| Meniere's disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC sensorineural hearing loss in elderly
🗑
|
||||
| Otosclerosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | conduction hearing loss
🗑
|
||||
| show | conduction loss left ear
🗑
|
||||
| show | sensorineural hearing loss right ear
🗑
|
||||
| Otitis media | show 🗑
|
||||
| Malignant external otitis in diabetic | show 🗑
|
||||
| T cells | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 10-20% total lymphocyte count; ↓ Bruton's, adenine deaminase deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| show | B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells
🗑
|
||||
| Langerhan's cells | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | chromosome 6; HLA genes for self-identity
🗑
|
||||
| Class I proteins | show 🗑
|
||||
| Class II proteins | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | IgE antibodies; mast cells; wheal and flare with bee sting
🗑
|
||||
| show | antibody-mediated; Goodpasture's syndrome, rheumatic fever
🗑
|
||||
| Type III reactions | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cellular immunity; granuloma, positive PPD
🗑
|
||||
| Delayed reaction hypersensitivity reactions | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | CD8 T cells; killing viral infected cells and neoplastic cells
🗑
|
||||
| Graft viability | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | allograft that is not rejected
🗑
|
||||
| show | type II hypersensitivity; ABO incompatibility or anti-HLA antibodies
🗑
|
||||
| show | predominately cell-mediated reaction; MC rejection
🗑
|
||||
| show | jaundice, rash, bloody diarrhea
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC hereditary immunodeficiency; giardiasis, allergies
🗑
|
||||
| Bruton's agammaglobulinemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| DiGeorge syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | absent thymic shadow; Candida, Pneumocystis infections; hypoparathyroidism
🗑
|
||||
| show | AR; combined B and T cell deficiency; gene therapy
🗑
|
||||
| Wiskott Aldrich syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC acquired immunodeficiency HIV
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC sexually-transmitted; anal intercourse in homosexuals MCC
🗑
|
||||
| show | accidental needle stick from HIV positive patient
🗑
|
||||
| Follicular dendritic cell | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | HIV positive plus CD4, TH cell ≤200 cells/μL or AIDS-defining condition
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC AIDS-defining disorder
🗑
|
||||
| Screening test for HIV | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Western blot
🗑
|
||||
| show | p24 antigen; positive prior to seroconversion and when AIDS is diagnosed
🗑
|
||||
| MC cancer in AIDS | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | CMV, toxoplasmosis, M. avium-intracellulare
🗑
|
||||
| Hereditary angioedema | show 🗑
|
||||
| Osmosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | decreased TBNa+ dehydration; increased TBNa+ pitting edema
🗑
|
||||
| show | serum Na+ normal; adult diarrhea, loss whole blood; Rx with 0.9% saline
🗑
|
||||
| show | serum Na+ normal; Rx with salt and H2O restriction
🗑
|
||||
| Hyponatremia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | inappropriate ADH syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| show | pitting edema; cirrhosis, RHF
🗑
|
||||
| Hyponatremia hypertonic loss TBNa+ | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypertonic state | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pitting edema; sodium bicarbonate
🗑
|
||||
| show | diabetes insipidus
🗑
|
||||
| show | osmotic diuresis, sweat, baby diarrhea
🗑
|
||||
| show | potential for hyperkalemia (shift out of ICF)
🗑
|
||||
| Alkalosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | loop and thiazide diuretics MCC; alkalosis, albuterol/insulin; U wave
🗑
|
||||
| show | renal failure MCC; acidosis, ß-blocker, digitalis toxicity; peaked T wave
🗑
|
||||
| Rx hyperkalemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | PaCO2 >45 mm Hg; compensation metabolic alkalosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | chronic bronchitis, ARDS, barbiturate poisoning, paralysis diaphragms
🗑
|
||||
| Respiratory alkalosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pulmonary embolus, anxiety, early bronchial asthma, restrictive lung disease
🗑
|
||||
| show | HCO3- >28 mEq/L; compensation respiratory acidosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | loop/thiazide diuretics, vomiting, primary aldosteronism
🗑
|
||||
| Metabolic acidosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| ↑ AG metabolic acidosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lactate, AcAc, ß-OHB, salicylate, oxalate (ethylene glycol), formate (methyl alcohol), phosphate/sulfate (renal failure)
🗑
|
||||
| Ethylene glycol, methyl alcohol | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ethylene glycol poisoning | show 🗑
|
||||
| Methyl alcohol poisoning | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lose HCO3-; e.g., diarrhea, proximal/distal renal tubular acidosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | increased in open neural tube defects; decreased in Down syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| PCR | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | inactive X chromosome on nuclear membrane; 1 Barr body in females
🗑
|
||||
| Missense mutation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Nonsense mutation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Frameshift mutation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Trinucleotide repeat | show 🗑
|
||||
| Trinucleotide repeat disorders | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | meiosis; unequal numbers of chromosomes
🗑
|
||||
| show | Down syndrome with 46 chromosomes
🗑
|
||||
| Microdeletion syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Paternal microdeletion | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Angelman's syndrome; happy puppy syndrome, mental retardation
🗑
|
||||
| show | increased risk for trisomies
🗑
|
||||
| show | trisomy 21; leading cause mental retardation
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | XO; no Barr bodies; short stature and primary amenorrhea; streak ovaries
🗑
|
||||
| show | XXY; 1 Barr body; female secondary sex characteristics
🗑
|
||||
| AR | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | most inborn errors metabolism, sickle cell, cystic fibrosis, hemochromatosis, Wilson's
🗑
|
||||
| AD | show 🗑
|
||||
| AD | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | delayed manifestation; penetrance; variable expressivity
🗑
|
||||
| show | male transmits to all daughters; female carrier transmits to 50% of sons
🗑
|
||||
| XR | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mental retardation; macroorchidism at puberty; trinucleotide repeat
🗑
|
||||
| Lesch Nyhan | show 🗑
|
||||
| Multifactorial inheritance | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mitochondrial DNA disorder | show 🗑
|
||||
| Y chromosome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | develops seminal vesicles, epididymis, vas deferens
🗑
|
||||
| Dihydrotestosterone | show 🗑
|
||||
| Male pseudohermaphrodite | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | genetic female; phenotypically male
🗑
|
||||
| Testicular feminization | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ 17 KS, ↓ 17 OH, lose salt, hypotension; female pseudohermaphrodite
🗑
|
||||
| 11-Hydroxylase deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ 17 KS, ↓ 17 OH, retain salt, hypertension; male pseudohermaphrodite
🗑
|
||||
| show | carrier rate 1:30; couples at risk
🗑
|
||||
| show | 1:3600; 3600 /4 = 900; √900) = 1:30
🗑
|
||||
| Malformation | show 🗑
|
||||
| HOX gene | show 🗑
|
||||
| Alcohol | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | craniofacial and cardiac defects
🗑
|
||||
| Female with cystic acne needs Rx with retinoic acid | show 🗑
|
||||
| DES | show 🗑
|
||||
| Thalidomide | show 🗑
|
||||
| Vertical transmission | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC congenital infection; periventricular calcification; culture urine
🗑
|
||||
| show | basal ganglia calcification; blindness; avoid cat litter in pregnancy
🗑
|
||||
| show | sensorineural hearing loss (MC); cataracts
🗑
|
||||
| Congenital syphilis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | contracted during delivery; encephalitis
🗑
|
||||
| show | extrinsic problem in fetal development; oligohydramnios causing Potter's facies
🗑
|
||||
| Tobacco | show 🗑
|
||||
| Nicotine | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lung, oropharynx, larynx, pancreas, kidney, bladder
🗑
|
||||
| show | CNS depressant (cortex, limbic system); legally drunk 80-100 mg/dL
🗑
|
||||
| Alcohol | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | folate/thiamine deficiency; sideroblastic anemia; liver fatty change; pancreatitis
🗑
|
||||
| show | hypoglycemia; lactic/ketoacidosis; ↑ triglyceride; AST>ALT; ↑ GGT
🗑
|
||||
| show | ß-hydroxybutyric acid
🗑
|
||||
| show | poppy plant; non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema; focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
🗑
|
||||
| MPTP | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | blocks uptake of dopamine/norepinephrine; mydriasis; AMI, CNS infarction
🗑
|
||||
| show | tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) binds basal ganglia receptors; delayed reaction time; red conjunctiva
🗑
|
||||
| Intravenous drug abuse | show 🗑
|
||||
| Acetaminophen toxicity | show 🗑
|
||||
| Rx acetaminophen toxicity | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | metabolic acidosis + respiratory alkalosis; hyperthermia; tinnitus, vertigo
🗑
|
||||
| show | thromboembolism; cholestasis; endometrial/breast cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Oral contraceptives | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | penicillin, methyldopa, quinidine
🗑
|
||||
| Aplastic anemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | NSAIDs
🗑
|
||||
| show | heparin, quinidine
🗑
|
||||
| show | methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, phenytoin, OC, alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| Congestive cardiomyopathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Interstitial fibrosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hemorrhagic gastritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Liver necrosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | anabolic steroids, OC
🗑
|
||||
| show | amiodarone, tetracycline, alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| Photosensitive rash | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | procainamide, hydralazine
🗑
|
||||
| Isopropyl alcohol | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | microcytic anemia, nephrotoxic ATN (proximal tubule), gout, encephalopathy, neuropathy
🗑
|
||||
| show | fish (tuna, salmon); nephrotoxic ATN; constricted visual fields
🗑
|
||||
| Organophosphates | show 🗑
|
||||
| Polyvinyl chloride | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | paralysis, hypertension, pancreatitis
🗑
|
||||
| Crotaline bite | show 🗑
|
||||
| Coral snake bite | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | soot + gunpowder (fouling)
🗑
|
||||
| Intermediate gunshot wound | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | no powder tattooing; exit wound larger than entrance
🗑
|
||||
| Motor vehicle accidents | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis MC COD
🗑
|
||||
| show | painful; complete healing
🗑
|
||||
| Second degree burn | show 🗑
|
||||
| Third degree burn | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | painless; ice crystallization in cells
🗑
|
||||
| Electrical injury | show 🗑
|
||||
| House fires | show 🗑
|
||||
| Heat exhaustion | show 🗑
|
||||
| Heat stroke | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | survival following asphyxia due to submersion
🗑
|
||||
| Wet drowning | show 🗑
|
||||
| Dry drowning | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | shunts blood from periphery to central core
🗑
|
||||
| Drowning | show 🗑
|
||||
| Acute mountain sickness | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | normal %O2; decreased barometric pressure; respiratory alkalosis; ↑ 2, 3 BPG
🗑
|
||||
| show | DNA most susceptible protein
🗑
|
||||
| Ionizing radiation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ionizing radiation cancers | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | basal cell carcinoma (most common); squamous cancer; melanoma
🗑
|
||||
| Carbohydrates | show 🗑
|
||||
| Fats | show 🗑
|
||||
| Essential fatty acid deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | digestion begins in stomach
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ protein intake; ↓ visceral protein; ↓ albumin (pitting edema); fatty liver
🗑
|
||||
| Marasmus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | starvation; secondary amenorrhea (↓ GnRH); osteoporosis; ventricular MC COD
🗑
|
||||
| Bulimia nervosa | show 🗑
|
||||
| Body mass index (BMI) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Obesity | show 🗑
|
||||
| Leptin | show 🗑
|
||||
| All-trans retinoic acid | show 🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin A | show 🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin A deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin A toxicity | show 🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin D | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | skin photoconversion or reabsorb in gut → 1st hydroxylation liver → 2nd hydroxylation proximal tubule (1-α-hydroxylase) Vitamin D deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ Ca2+, ↓ phosphate (malabsorption), ↑ phosphate renal failure, ↑ PTH
🗑
|
||||
| Hypervitaminosis D | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | prevents FR damage of cell membrane
🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin E deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin E toxicity | show 🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin K | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ epoxide reductase activity (↓ function vitamin K); hemorrhagic diathesis; ↑ PT
🗑
|
||||
| Warfarin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | antibiotics MC, newborn, malabsorption, warfarin
🗑
|
||||
| show | transketolase; dehydrogenase reactions (NADH for ATP synthesis)
🗑
|
||||
| show | pyruvate → acetyl CoA; pyruvate dehydrogenase
🗑
|
||||
| Thiamine deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | oxidation-reduction reactions; NAD; NADP
🗑
|
||||
| show | pellagra; dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
🗑
|
||||
| Tryptophan | show 🗑
|
||||
| Tryptophan deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S niacin deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| Corn | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | heme synthesis, transamination, neurotransmitter synthesis
🗑
|
||||
| show | taking isoniazid
🗑
|
||||
| Pyridoxine (B6) deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | DNA maturation, odd chain fatty acid metabolism (propionyl CoA)
🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin B12/folate deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | carboxylase reactions (pyruvate → oxaloacetate)
🗑
|
||||
| Cause | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | alopecia, dermatitis
🗑
|
||||
| show | antioxidant, reduce ferric iron, hydroxylation proline/lysine, dopamine → norepinephrine
🗑
|
||||
| show | scurvy; hemorrhagic diathesis; poor wound healing
🗑
|
||||
| Alkalotic state | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lowers total Ca2+; no tetany
🗑
|
||||
| show | decreased ATP; myoglobinuria
🗑
|
||||
| show | causes hypocalcemia by inhibiting PTH synthesis/release
🗑
|
||||
| Zinc deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | iron deficiency; poor wound healing (cofactor lysyl oxidase); aortic dissection
🗑
|
||||
| Iodine deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| Chromium deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | antioxidant that neutralizes peroxide
🗑
|
||||
| Fluoride deficiency | show 🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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