Cells, Tissues and Genetics PT2 - 1/10/24
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| cytosol? | water, sugar, salts, proteins, ions and amino acids
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| small subunits of ribosomes? | align amino acids, 18s rRNA
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| large subunits of ribosomes? | catalyse peptide bond formation, 28s 5.8s and 5s rRNA
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| when do subunits of ribosomes join? | during protein synthesis
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| what makes ribosomal units? | rRNA and cytoplasmic proteins combined in the nucleus
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| what is formed when rRNA and cytoplasmic proteins are combined in the nucleus? | ribosomal units
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| where are the ribosomal units transported? | cytoplasm through NPCs
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| what is synthesised on cytoplasmic ribosomes? | ribosomal proteins
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| where are the ribosomal proteins transported to? | nucleolus
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| what do ribosomal proteins combine with in the nucleolus? | rRNA
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| when ribosomal proteins and rRNA combine in the nucleus what is formed? | pre-ribosomal particles
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| how is rRNA synthesised? | RNA polymerase II in the nucleolus
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| what occurs when ribosomal proteins and rRNAs combine? | maturation
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| what indicates a single endosymbiotic event in eukaryotes? | cytochrome-c-oxidase
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| what is in the mitochondrial matrix? | DNA, ribosomes and enzymes
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| how do mitochondria divide? | binary fission
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| functions of the endomembrane system? | protein synthesis/ modification
intra/inter cellular transport of proteins
metabolism and movement of lipids
detoxificatioon of pathogens
cell growth
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| cisternae? | fluid filled spaces between membranes in the ER
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| functions of the ER? | transport intra/inter cellular
protein synthesis and modification
lipid synthesis
storage of biomolecules
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| where do proteins go in the RER? | RER lumen to be modified
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| what do RER lumen contain? | enzymes for glycosylation
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| what is RER important for? | production of new plasma membrane and plasma membrane proteins
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| functions of SER? | lipid synthesis
metabolism of carbohydrates
detoxification of drugs and poisons
storage of calcium ions
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| how does the SER detoxify drugs and poisons | addition of OH
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| formation of golgi? | ER vesicles fuse to make flattened stacks (cisternae)
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| describe cisternae in golgi | discrete and proteins mature as they move through
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| how does the golgi have directionality? | proteins received from the ER at cis face
move through medial cisternae
sorted and shipped at trans face
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| functions of golgi? | processing proteins
assembly glycoproteins
transportation and storage of lipids
formation of lysosomes
storage and transport of digestive enzymes
secretion of carbs for plant cell wall synthesis
formation of secretory vesicles
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| the cisternal maturation model refers to what? | golgi
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| each cisterna contains what? | enzymes needed to modify macromolecules
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| what happens in the cisterna when proteins and lipids progress | modified
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| how is transportation to the correct place in the golgi cisternae ensured? | molecular identification tags eg P added at trans face
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| why are molecular identification tags eg P added at trans face? | to ensure transportation to the correct place
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| what do lysosomes have? | hydrolytic enzymes working at low pH
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| functions of lysosomes? | digestion of work out organelles
phagocytosis
exocytosis
autolysis / autophagy
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| what is the endocytic pathway referring to? | lysosomes
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| what does the endocytic pathway do? | transfers macromolecules from the extracellular to intracellular environments
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| what happens to extracellular material? | endocytosed and transported to early endosome
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| what happens to pH in the early endosome to the late endosome? | decreases
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| pH decreases during the endocytic pathway where? | from early endosome to late endosome
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| what fuses to the late endosome in the endocytic pathway? | lysosome
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| what does the lysosome fuse with in the endocytic pathway? | late endosome
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| what does the endolysosome do? | release enzymes
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| why is a small leakage from lysosomes not damaging to cells? | cytosolic pH is high
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