Practical Practice - Male and Female Reproductive System
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| Primary sex organ, site of gamete production | testis in males; ovaries in females
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| maturation site for immature sperm | epididymis
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| pathway for sperm from epididymus to the seminal vesicle | vas deferens, ejaculatory duct
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| secretions of this gland will play a role in activation of sperm | seminal vesicles
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| produces a thick mucous to neutralize the acidity of the urethra | cowpers gland
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| portion of the urethra that travels through the urogenital diaphragm | membranous
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| paired erectile bodies within the penis | corpora cavernosa
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| enlarged tip of the penis | glans
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| portion of the urethra that travels through the prostate | prostatic urethra
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| also known as foreskin | prepuce
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| portion of urethra that travels through the penis | spongy urethra
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| erectile body that surrounds the urethra | corpus spongiosum
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| which area of the fallopian tube is the usual site for fertilization to occur | infundibulum
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| gamete has how much dna? | 1/2 of normal
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| 46 chromosomes in a healthy cell, 23 pair, gametes have? | no pairs; just single "halves"
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| male's role is to manufacture male gametes and ... | deliver them to female reproductive tract
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| female's role is to produce female | gametes; ova or egg
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| sex hormones; male and female | androgens in male
progesterone in female
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| the sperm producing testes lie within the | scrotum
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| 3 male sperm delivering ducts in order | efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct
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| 3 glands empty their secretions into the ducts during ejaculation; name them | seminal vesicles, prostate, cowper
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| function of scrotum, other than to hold testes | heat regulation
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| penis and scrotum lie in the area known as | perineum
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| scrotum removes heat from which venous plexus | pampiniform
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| function of dartos | regulate skin of scrotum; contracts when cold, reducing surface area and heat loss
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| function of cremaster | extension of oblique muscle - *shrinkage* - contracts when cold to bring testes up toward body heat, expands when warm to get testes away from body heat
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| blood supply | testicular artery
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| blood drain | testicular vein
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| role of fsh in testes | sperm development
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| role of lh in testes | testosterone
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| where does the dartos muscle come from; | continuation of scarta's fascia
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| where does the cremaster muscle come from | internal obdominal oblique
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| seminiferous tubules produce... | sperm
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| source of testosterone | leydig's cells
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| chryptochordism | undecended teste
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| common ejaculatory duct joins with .... at the ... | urethra/prostate
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| which duct cut at vasectomy | vans deferens
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| smooth muscle of vans deferens affected by which hormone | oxytocin
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| where sperm mature and become "swimmers" | epididymus
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| acidic environment duct | urethra
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| most of the seminal fluid is produced where | seminal vesicles
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| which 2 accessory glands are highly aklalotic | seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands
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| prostate gland produces how much seminal fluid | 30%
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| 65 to 80 days for sperm to be produced; how many to mature | 20
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| function of seminal fluid | lubrication, transportation, nutrients for sperm to survive
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| reduce viscosity; reverse peristalsis | prostaglandins
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| fibrin clotting factor; causes "clump" | vesiculase
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| enhance swimming ability | enzymes
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| antibiotic factor | seminal plasmin
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| shaft ends at the | glans
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| foreskin | prepuce
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| erectile tissues (4) | corpus spongiosum, corpus cavernosum, tunica albuginea, median septum
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| blood; erection | corpus spongiosum
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| maintains urethral opening | corpus cavernosum
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| first 22 pair; autosome 23rd pair = | sex chromosome
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| physical makeup is also called | genotype (can vs. bottle)
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| physical expression is also called | phenotype (pepsi vs. coke)
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| fsh -> cells | certoli; sperm production
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| lh -> cells | leydig; testosterone production
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| feedback mechanism -> hormone | inhibin - selectively suppresses fsh without stopping lh or testosterone
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| directly stimulate the testes | gonadotropins
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| normal chromosomal # term | diploid
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| 1/2 chromosomal # term | haploid
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| crossing over concept | instead of taking all traits from mom or all traits from dad; pull a little from both
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| prophase i | chromes line up to form tetrad; one from dad, one from mom. Engage in crossing over; creates new genes of mixed proportion
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| metaphase i | chromosomes line up at equator of cell
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| anaphase i | separate at this stage
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| telophase i | cytokinesis; now have two cells, full chromes, part of each parent.
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| end result of mitosis | 1 cell becomes 2; exact duplicates of each other
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| end result of meiosis | 1 cells becomes 2; not exact duplicates but dual trait sharing
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| all cells undergo mitosis except... | gametes
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| process of meiosis in male | spermatogenesis
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| spermatogonia/stem cells associated with which cell type | certoli
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| 3 parts of spermatozoon | head, middle, tail
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| released into epididymus; only leave @ ejactulation | sperm
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| prophase ii | nuclear envelopes disintegrate; still have full chromes from telo i
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| metaphase ii | chromes align on equator
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| anaphase ii | centromeres divide; now single strands of chromes
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| telophase ii | new nuclear envelopes form; now have four haploid cells
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| destined to become sperm | primordial germ cells
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| lie along periphery of seminiferous tubule, multiply by mitosis | spermatogenia
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| produce daughter cells | a and b cells (spermatogenia)
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| remain, continute to multiply until death | a cells
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| migrate closer to lumen, age to primary spermatocytes, ungergo mieosis i | b cells
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| 2 haploid cells are called | secondary spermatocytes
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| after each secondary spermatocyte goes through mieosis ii, how many in end result | 4
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| no further cell division; graduate transformation of each spermatid to spermatazoon | spermiogenesis
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| homologue to penis | clit
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| homologue to scrotum | labia majora
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| secondary sex characteristics that develop at | puberty
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| male secondary sex characteristics | facial hair, rough course hair on torso and limbs, relatively muscular physique
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| can sperm develop at internal temp? | no
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| 3 mechanisms for maintaining scrotum temp | clemaster muscle, dartos mucles, pampiniform plexus
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| carry sperm to epididymus | efferent ductules
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| absorb 90% of fluid secreted by testes | epididymus
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| site of sperm maturation and storage | epididymus
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| epididymus becomes | vas deferens
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| vas deferens and seminal vesicle meet to become | ejaculatory duct
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| ejaculatory duct empties into | urethra
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| produces 60% of semen | seminal vesicle
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| produces 30% of semen | prostate
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| secretes clear lubricator and urine neutralizer | cowper glands
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| uterine tube, uterus, vagina are | accessory ducts
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| female internal genitalia | ovaries and duct system
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| connects ovary to uterus | ovarian ligament
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| connects ovs/uterus to lateral walls | suspensory ligament
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| lower pig ears; sheath | broad ligament
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| portion of broad ligament that covers ovaries | mesovarium
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| ovarian blood supply | ovarian artery
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| outer capsule; outer cortex - follicles/inner medulla - blood supply | tunica albuginea
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| inner medulla; stages of follicle maturation (4) | primordial, primary, secondary, graafian
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| catchers mitt | fimbrae
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| fallopian tube site of conception | ampulla
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| part of fallopian tube directly attached to uterus | isthmus
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| homeostatic imbalance of uterus | ectopic pregnancy
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| internal os | opening to cervix
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| support ligaments | broad, lateral, uterosacral, round
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| homeostatic imbalance of uterine ligaments | uterine prolapse
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| outer, tough, fibrous uterine wall | perimetrium
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| thickest uterine wall | myometrium
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| innermost uterine wall | endometrium
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| outer endometrium is which layer? | basil/proliferate
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| inner endometrium wall is which layer? | functional
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| which endometrial wall is lost at shedding? | functional
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| provides a passageway for the delivery of infant or menstrual flow; also female sex organ for copulation | vagina
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| adipose at pubic symphysis | mons
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| opening for labia and vagina | vestibule
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| homologue for male scrotum | labia majora
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| homologue for male ventral penis | labia minora
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| homologue to cowpers in male | greater vestibular glands
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| erectile tissue in female | clit
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| homologue to corpra cavernosum | clit
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| urethral orifice | periurethral gland
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| homologue to prostate | periurethral gland
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| present in both sexes; functions only in women | mammary glands
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| modified sweat glands that are actually part of the integumentary system | mammary
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| hormonal regularion; mammary gland (3) | estradiol, pro, progesterone
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| glandular tissue *mammary* | prl, glucocorticoids
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| The formation, development, and maturation of an ovum | oogenesis
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| which egg becomes the dominant | the egg that gets the extra receptors
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| primordial oocyte that vanishes; follicular cell recruited but not used (didn't become dominant) | artresia
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| fsh targets | primordial follicles
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| which phase are primordial follicles targeted by fsh | follicular phase
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| help secrete hormones later in follicular phase | thecal cells
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| phase in which follicles in ovary mature | follicular phase
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| FSH secretion begins to rise in the last few days of the | previous menstrual cycle (follicular phase)
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| LH induces androgen synthesis by | thecal cells
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| fsh, lh and estrogen surge happen during which phase | follicular
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| ruptured follice collapses, antrum fills with clotted blood, corpus luteum formed... | luteal phase
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| luteal phase happens after | ovulation
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| during luteal phase, an increase what 2 substances will happen | estradiol and progesterone
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| lh inhibitor that temporarily stops menses | estradiol
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| geared toward changes in endometrium | uterine/menstrual cycle
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| 3 phases of menstrual/uterine cycle; | menses, proliferative phase, secretory phase
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| actual mitotic phase of uterine/menstrual cycle | proliferative
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| getting it prepared for thickness; which menstrual/uterine phase | proliferative
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| burst of progesterone; which menstrual/uterine phase | secretory
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| rapid decrease of hormones; which menstrual/uterine phase | secretory
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| progesterone regulated; which menstrual/uterine phase | secretory
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| menses starts when the body has obtained enough... | body fat
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| start of menstruation | menarche
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| stop of menstruation | menopause
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| didn't have menstruation by age 16 or skipped for at least 6 months; | amenorrhea
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