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A&P II Reproductive
Practical Practice - Male and Female Reproductive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Primary sex organ, site of gamete production | testis in males; ovaries in females |
| maturation site for immature sperm | epididymis |
| pathway for sperm from epididymus to the seminal vesicle | vas deferens, ejaculatory duct |
| secretions of this gland will play a role in activation of sperm | seminal vesicles |
| produces a thick mucous to neutralize the acidity of the urethra | cowpers gland |
| portion of the urethra that travels through the urogenital diaphragm | membranous |
| paired erectile bodies within the penis | corpora cavernosa |
| enlarged tip of the penis | glans |
| portion of the urethra that travels through the prostate | prostatic urethra |
| also known as foreskin | prepuce |
| portion of urethra that travels through the penis | spongy urethra |
| erectile body that surrounds the urethra | corpus spongiosum |
| which area of the fallopian tube is the usual site for fertilization to occur | infundibulum |
| gamete has how much dna? | 1/2 of normal |
| 46 chromosomes in a healthy cell, 23 pair, gametes have? | no pairs; just single "halves" |
| male's role is to manufacture male gametes and ... | deliver them to female reproductive tract |
| female's role is to produce female | gametes; ova or egg |
| sex hormones; male and female | androgens in male progesterone in female |
| the sperm producing testes lie within the | scrotum |
| 3 male sperm delivering ducts in order | efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct |
| 3 glands empty their secretions into the ducts during ejaculation; name them | seminal vesicles, prostate, cowper |
| function of scrotum, other than to hold testes | heat regulation |
| penis and scrotum lie in the area known as | perineum |
| scrotum removes heat from which venous plexus | pampiniform |
| function of dartos | regulate skin of scrotum; contracts when cold, reducing surface area and heat loss |
| function of cremaster | extension of oblique muscle - *shrinkage* - contracts when cold to bring testes up toward body heat, expands when warm to get testes away from body heat |
| blood supply | testicular artery |
| blood drain | testicular vein |
| role of fsh in testes | sperm development |
| role of lh in testes | testosterone |
| where does the dartos muscle come from; | continuation of scarta's fascia |
| where does the cremaster muscle come from | internal obdominal oblique |
| seminiferous tubules produce... | sperm |
| source of testosterone | leydig's cells |
| chryptochordism | undecended teste |
| common ejaculatory duct joins with .... at the ... | urethra/prostate |
| which duct cut at vasectomy | vans deferens |
| smooth muscle of vans deferens affected by which hormone | oxytocin |
| where sperm mature and become "swimmers" | epididymus |
| acidic environment duct | urethra |
| most of the seminal fluid is produced where | seminal vesicles |
| which 2 accessory glands are highly aklalotic | seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands |
| prostate gland produces how much seminal fluid | 30% |
| 65 to 80 days for sperm to be produced; how many to mature | 20 |
| function of seminal fluid | lubrication, transportation, nutrients for sperm to survive |
| reduce viscosity; reverse peristalsis | prostaglandins |
| fibrin clotting factor; causes "clump" | vesiculase |
| enhance swimming ability | enzymes |
| antibiotic factor | seminal plasmin |
| shaft ends at the | glans |
| foreskin | prepuce |
| erectile tissues (4) | corpus spongiosum, corpus cavernosum, tunica albuginea, median septum |
| blood; erection | corpus spongiosum |
| maintains urethral opening | corpus cavernosum |
| first 22 pair; autosome 23rd pair = | sex chromosome |
| physical makeup is also called | genotype (can vs. bottle) |
| physical expression is also called | phenotype (pepsi vs. coke) |
| fsh -> cells | certoli; sperm production |
| lh -> cells | leydig; testosterone production |
| feedback mechanism -> hormone | inhibin - selectively suppresses fsh without stopping lh or testosterone |
| directly stimulate the testes | gonadotropins |
| normal chromosomal # term | diploid |
| 1/2 chromosomal # term | haploid |
| crossing over concept | instead of taking all traits from mom or all traits from dad; pull a little from both |
| prophase i | chromes line up to form tetrad; one from dad, one from mom. Engage in crossing over; creates new genes of mixed proportion |
| metaphase i | chromosomes line up at equator of cell |
| anaphase i | separate at this stage |
| telophase i | cytokinesis; now have two cells, full chromes, part of each parent. |
| end result of mitosis | 1 cell becomes 2; exact duplicates of each other |
| end result of meiosis | 1 cells becomes 2; not exact duplicates but dual trait sharing |
| all cells undergo mitosis except... | gametes |
| process of meiosis in male | spermatogenesis |
| spermatogonia/stem cells associated with which cell type | certoli |
| 3 parts of spermatozoon | head, middle, tail |
| released into epididymus; only leave @ ejactulation | sperm |
| prophase ii | nuclear envelopes disintegrate; still have full chromes from telo i |
| metaphase ii | chromes align on equator |
| anaphase ii | centromeres divide; now single strands of chromes |
| telophase ii | new nuclear envelopes form; now have four haploid cells |
| destined to become sperm | primordial germ cells |
| lie along periphery of seminiferous tubule, multiply by mitosis | spermatogenia |
| produce daughter cells | a and b cells (spermatogenia) |
| remain, continute to multiply until death | a cells |
| migrate closer to lumen, age to primary spermatocytes, ungergo mieosis i | b cells |
| 2 haploid cells are called | secondary spermatocytes |
| after each secondary spermatocyte goes through mieosis ii, how many in end result | 4 |
| no further cell division; graduate transformation of each spermatid to spermatazoon | spermiogenesis |
| homologue to penis | clit |
| homologue to scrotum | labia majora |
| secondary sex characteristics that develop at | puberty |
| male secondary sex characteristics | facial hair, rough course hair on torso and limbs, relatively muscular physique |
| can sperm develop at internal temp? | no |
| 3 mechanisms for maintaining scrotum temp | clemaster muscle, dartos mucles, pampiniform plexus |
| carry sperm to epididymus | efferent ductules |
| absorb 90% of fluid secreted by testes | epididymus |
| site of sperm maturation and storage | epididymus |
| epididymus becomes | vas deferens |
| vas deferens and seminal vesicle meet to become | ejaculatory duct |
| ejaculatory duct empties into | urethra |
| produces 60% of semen | seminal vesicle |
| produces 30% of semen | prostate |
| secretes clear lubricator and urine neutralizer | cowper glands |
| uterine tube, uterus, vagina are | accessory ducts |
| female internal genitalia | ovaries and duct system |
| connects ovary to uterus | ovarian ligament |
| connects ovs/uterus to lateral walls | suspensory ligament |
| lower pig ears; sheath | broad ligament |
| portion of broad ligament that covers ovaries | mesovarium |
| ovarian blood supply | ovarian artery |
| outer capsule; outer cortex - follicles/inner medulla - blood supply | tunica albuginea |
| inner medulla; stages of follicle maturation (4) | primordial, primary, secondary, graafian |
| catchers mitt | fimbrae |
| fallopian tube site of conception | ampulla |
| part of fallopian tube directly attached to uterus | isthmus |
| homeostatic imbalance of uterus | ectopic pregnancy |
| internal os | opening to cervix |
| support ligaments | broad, lateral, uterosacral, round |
| homeostatic imbalance of uterine ligaments | uterine prolapse |
| outer, tough, fibrous uterine wall | perimetrium |
| thickest uterine wall | myometrium |
| innermost uterine wall | endometrium |
| outer endometrium is which layer? | basil/proliferate |
| inner endometrium wall is which layer? | functional |
| which endometrial wall is lost at shedding? | functional |
| provides a passageway for the delivery of infant or menstrual flow; also female sex organ for copulation | vagina |
| adipose at pubic symphysis | mons |
| opening for labia and vagina | vestibule |
| homologue for male scrotum | labia majora |
| homologue for male ventral penis | labia minora |
| homologue to cowpers in male | greater vestibular glands |
| erectile tissue in female | clit |
| homologue to corpra cavernosum | clit |
| urethral orifice | periurethral gland |
| homologue to prostate | periurethral gland |
| present in both sexes; functions only in women | mammary glands |
| modified sweat glands that are actually part of the integumentary system | mammary |
| hormonal regularion; mammary gland (3) | estradiol, pro, progesterone |
| glandular tissue *mammary* | prl, glucocorticoids |
| The formation, development, and maturation of an ovum | oogenesis |
| which egg becomes the dominant | the egg that gets the extra receptors |
| primordial oocyte that vanishes; follicular cell recruited but not used (didn't become dominant) | artresia |
| fsh targets | primordial follicles |
| which phase are primordial follicles targeted by fsh | follicular phase |
| help secrete hormones later in follicular phase | thecal cells |
| phase in which follicles in ovary mature | follicular phase |
| FSH secretion begins to rise in the last few days of the | previous menstrual cycle (follicular phase) |
| LH induces androgen synthesis by | thecal cells |
| fsh, lh and estrogen surge happen during which phase | follicular |
| ruptured follice collapses, antrum fills with clotted blood, corpus luteum formed... | luteal phase |
| luteal phase happens after | ovulation |
| during luteal phase, an increase what 2 substances will happen | estradiol and progesterone |
| lh inhibitor that temporarily stops menses | estradiol |
| geared toward changes in endometrium | uterine/menstrual cycle |
| 3 phases of menstrual/uterine cycle; | menses, proliferative phase, secretory phase |
| actual mitotic phase of uterine/menstrual cycle | proliferative |
| getting it prepared for thickness; which menstrual/uterine phase | proliferative |
| burst of progesterone; which menstrual/uterine phase | secretory |
| rapid decrease of hormones; which menstrual/uterine phase | secretory |
| progesterone regulated; which menstrual/uterine phase | secretory |
| menses starts when the body has obtained enough... | body fat |
| start of menstruation | menarche |
| stop of menstruation | menopause |
| didn't have menstruation by age 16 or skipped for at least 6 months; | amenorrhea |
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