Module 4
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| Functions of the skeletal system | 1. Supports and gives shape to the body
2. Protects internal organs
3. Helps with movement (bones are pulled by muscles)
4. Stores calcium
5. Helps with Hematopoiesis
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| Hematopoiesis | Blood Cell Formation
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| Skeletal system is composed of: | -Joints
-Ligaments
-Cartilage
-Bones
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| Joints | Part of the body where two or more bones meet to allow movement.
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| Joints are classified into three categories | - Synarthroses - no movement
- Amphiarthroses - slight movement
- Diarthroses - free movement
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| Synarthroses | Immovable, connected with fibrous tissue
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| Amphiarthroses | Slightly moveable, connected by cartilaginous tissue
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| Diarthroses | Free movement aka as a synovial joint, lined by articular cartilage and lubricated with synovial fluid
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| Different Joints | Hinge joint - elbow joint
Pivot joint - dens of axis rotating against atlas
Saddle joint - Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Condyloid joint - Atlantooccipital joint
Ball-and-socket joint - Shoulder, hip joint
Gliding - Articular process between vertbr
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| Ligaments | Bands of tough elastic tissue around your joints.
They connect bone to bone, give your joints support, and help limit their movement.
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| Cartilage | Can be found around joints, fibers are embedded in a gel-like substance as opposed to a calcified hard substance like bone, therefore cartilage has much more flexibility.
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| Cartilage can be classified into three categories! | A. Elastic Cartilage
B. Fibrocartilage
C. Hyaline Cartilage
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| Hyaline Cartilage | Articular cartilage when it covers the ends of bones at a joint, is the most abundant in the body.
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| Bones | Substance that forms the skeleton of the body
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| Ossification | Bone formation, begins during prenatal development andpersists throughout adulthood.
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| Bones of infants | Are softer than adults because it has not yet been ossified.
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| There are two ways osteogenesis or ossification occurs: | Intramembranous Ossification: Develops from mesenchymal cells replacing the cartilage
Endochondral Ossification: Develops from the cartilage that is already present
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| Words to Remember | Osteoblasts - Build bone
Osteoclasts - Chew bone
Osteocytes - Maintain bone
Osteogenic Cell - Stem Cells
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| Bone Tissue Structure | Typical bone has an out layer of hard or compact bone, inside this layer is spongy bone. In the middle of some bones is jelly-like bone marrow, where new cells are constantly being produced for the blood.
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| Red and Yellow Bone Marrow | Red - contains blood stem cells; can become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets.
Yellow - made mostly of fat; contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells.
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| Bone Types | -Long
-Short
-Flat
-Irregular
-Sesamoid
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| Sesamoid | Usually short or irregular bones, imbedded in a tendon. It passes over a joint which serves to protect the tendon.
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| Examples of sesamoid bones | Patella (knee cap) - sits in the quadriceps tendon.
Pisiform (smallest of the Carpals) and two small bones at the base of the first Metatarsal.
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| Irregular | These are bones which do not fall into any category (due to non-uniform shape). Primarily consists of cancellous bone, aka spongy bone, with a thin outer layer of compact bone.
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| Examples of irregular bone | -Vertebrae
-Sacrum
-Mandible (lower jaw)
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| Flat | Strong flat plates of bone with main function of providing protection to the vital organs, and a base for muscular attachment.
Anterior and posterior surfaces are made of compact bone to provide protection with the center (spongy) bone and bone marrow.
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| Examples of flat bone | -Scapula
-Sternum
-Cranium
-Coxae
-Pelvis
-Ribs
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| Short | Being approximately as wide a they are long, have primary function of providing support and stability with movement.
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| Examples of short bone | Carpals and tarsals (wrist and foot bones)
Consist of only a thin layer of compact, hard bone with spongy bone on the inside along with relatively large amounts of bone marrow.
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| Long | Largest bones in the body, such as the Femur, Humerus and Tibia. Some of the smallest including the Metacarpals, Metatarsals and Phalanges.
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| Structure of long Bones | -Diaphysis (or shaft)
-Epiphysis (ends)
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| Articular Cartilage | Covers epiphysis and functions as a cushion9
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| Structure of long bone (medullary cavity, etc) | Medullary Cavity - hollow area inside diaphysis of the bone that contains yellow marrow
Endosteum - membrane lining medullary cavity
Periosteum - strong membrane covering bone everywhere except at joint surfaces
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| Divisions of the Skeleton | Axial & Appendicular Skeleton
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| Appendicular Skeleton (126 total) | -Upper extremities, including shoulder (pectoral) girdle
-Lower extremities, including hip (pelvic) girdle
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| Axial Skeleton (80 total) | -Skull
-Spine (vertebral column)
-Thorax (ribs & sternum)
-Hyoid bone
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| Bones of the SKULL | Skull consists of:
-8 bones that form the cranium
-14 bones that form the face
-6 tiny bones in the middle ear
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| Middle Ear (bones) | The following assists with amplifying sound through vibration:
-Malleus (hammer)
-Incus (anvil)
-Stapes (stirrup)
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| Spinal Column | Consists of a series of separate bones called vertebrae that form a flexible curved rod
-The curves provide strength to support weight of the body & balance
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| Regions of the vertebral column: | 1. Cervical Vertebrae (7) *breakfast
2. Thoracic Vertebrae (12) *lunch
3. Lumbar Vertebrae (5) *supper
4. Sacrum (1)
5. Coccyx (1)
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| Thorax or Chest | Consists of 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum, and thoracic vertebrae.
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| Ribs | 12 pairs except for the lower 2 pairs are attached to the sterum by costal cartilage
8th, 9th, 10th ribs are attached to the 7th rib called "False Ribs"
Last 2 pairs of ribs are not attached to any costal cartilage calld "Floating Ribs"
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| Appendicular Skeleton | Upper and Lower extremities
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| Upper Extremities | Pectoral Girdle
-Scapula (shoulder blade)
-Clavicle (collarbone)
Humerus - long bone of the arm
Radius & Ulna - bones of the forearm
Carpals - wrist bones
Metacarpals - first section of finger bones
Phalanges - second & third sections of fingers
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| Sternoclavicular Joint | Connects the upper extremity to the axial skeleton
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| Lower Extremities | Femur - thigh bone (largest in the body)
Patella - knee cap
Tibia - inner lower leg bone
Fibula - outer lower leg bone
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| Lower Extremities continued | Tarsals - bones of the ankle area
Carpals - wrist bones
Metatarsals - first section of toe bones
Phalanges - second section of toe bones
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| Pelvic Girdle (male vs female) | Shape of pelvis
(male) deep and narrow
(female) broad and shallow
Size of pelvic inlet
(female) generally wider, normally wide for a baby's head to pass through
Pubic Angle
(female) angle between pubic bones generally wider
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