chapter 2
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| anatomical reference systems | body cavities, body planes, body directions and structural units
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| study of the structure of the body | anatomy
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| study of the functions of the structures of the body | physiology
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| imaginary vertical/horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections | body planes
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| up and down plane that is a right angle to the horizon | vertical
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| divides the body into equal left and right halves | midsagittal plane
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| vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions | sagittal plane
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| verticl plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior planes | frontal plane
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| another name for frontal plane | coronal plane
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| flat crosswire plane | horizonal plane
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| horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions | transverse plane
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| refers to the front, bell side of the body or organ | ventral
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| refers to the back of the organ or body | dorsal
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| situated in the front; front or forward part of an organ | anterior
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| situated in the back, back part of the organ | posterior
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| uppermost, above or toward the head | superior
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| lowermost, below or toward the feet | inferior
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| toward the head | cephalic
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| toward the lower back of the body | caudal
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| situated nearest the midline or beginning of body structure | proximal
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| situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure | distal
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| direction towards or nearer to the midline | medial
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| direction towards or nearer the side and away from the midline | lateral
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| 2 major body cavities | dorsal and ventral
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| 2 portions of the dorsal cavity | cranial and spinal
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| located along the back of the body and head and contains organs of the nervous system | dorsal
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| located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain | cranial cavity
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| located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord | spinal cavity
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| located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that maintain homeostasis | ventral cavity
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| body maintains a constant internal environment | homeostasis
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| surrounds and protects the heart and lungs | thoracic cavity
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| mucle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity | diaphragm
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| contains the major organs of digestion | abdominal cavity
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| space by hip bones and contains organs of the reproductive and excretory system | pelvic cavity
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| refers to the combo of the pelvic and abdominal cavity | abdominopelvic
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| refers to the groin and entire lower area of abdomen | inguinal
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| system tat divides the abdomen and lower portion of the thorax into 9 parts | regions of the thorax and abdomen
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| upper left and right sides of the body and covered by lower ribs | hypochondriac region
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| region located above the stomach | epigastric region
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| located on the left and right sides near the inward curve of the spine | lumbar region
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| pit in the center of abdominal wall marks the point where umbilical cord was attached | umbilical region
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| left and right regions over hip bones | iliac regions
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| region located below the stomach | hypogastric region
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| multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdomen cavity | peritoneum
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| thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity or divides space or organ | membrane
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| outer layer of peritoneum that lines the interior of abdominal wall | parietal peritoneum
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| inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs in abdominal cavity | visceral peritoneum
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| located behind the peritoneum | retroperitoneal
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| inflammation of the peritoneum | peritonitis
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| basic structural and functional units of the body | cells
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| study of anatomy, physiology, pathology and chemistry of a cell | cytology
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| tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating them from its external environment | cell membrane
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| material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus | cytoplasm
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| surrounds by cell membrane, has 2 functions; controls activities of cells and helps cells divide | nucleus
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| unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves fro long period of time by cell division | stem cells
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| another name for adult stem cells | somatic cells
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| undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ | adult stem cells
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| undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult stem cells | embryonic stem cells
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| fundamental physical and functional unit of hereditary | gene
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| study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and roles of genes in healthy and disease | genetics
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| specialist in the field of genetics | geneticist
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| inherited from either parent, the offspring will inherit the genetic condition | dominant trait
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| genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell | chromosomes
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| complete set of genetic info of an individual | genome
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| condition that appears only in individuals who received 2 copies of a mutant gene - 1 from each parent | recessive trait
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| any cell in the body except the gametes | somatic cell
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| only type of cell that doesn't contain 46 chromosomes | sex cell
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| packaged in a chromosome as two spiraling strans that twist together to form a double helix | DNA
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| found in the nucleus of all types of cells except erythrocytes (red blood cells) | DNA
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| change in the sequence of a DNA molecule | genetic mutation
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| change within the cells of the body | somatic cell mutation
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| manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes | genetic engineering
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| pathologic condition caused by an absent or defective gene | genetic disorder
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| disorder present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive system | cystic fibrosis
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| disorder associated with characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities and physical appearances | down syndrome
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| hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood clotting factor is missing | hemophilia
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| disorder passed on from parent to child, causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that appear midlife | huntingtons disease
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| group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles that control movement | muscular dystrophy
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| genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase | phenylketonuria PKU
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| fatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance build up in tissues and nerve cells in the brain | tay-sachs
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| group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform specific functions | tissue
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| 4 main types of tissue | epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve
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| study of the structure, composition and function of tissues | histology
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| specialist in the study of the organization of tissues at all levels | histologist
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| forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body | epithelial tissue
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| specialized tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and surface layer of mucous membranes | specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymp vessels, body cavities, glands and organs
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| support and connect organs and other body tissue | connective tissue
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| 4 types of connective tissue | dense, adipose, loose, liquid
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| tissue that forms the join and framework of body (bone, cartilage) | dense connective tissue
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| provides protective padding, insulation and support | adipose connective tissue
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| tissue surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels | loose connective tissue
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| tissue that is blood | liquid connective tissue
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| contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses | nerve tissue
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| contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax | muscle tissue
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| defective development of the congenital absence of an organ or tissue | aplasia
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| incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the # of cells | hypoplasia
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| change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other | anaplasia
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| abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues or organs | dysplasia
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| enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the # of cells in the tissues | hyperplasia
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| general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size but not in # of cells in tissues | hypertrophy
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| group of specialized epithelial that are capable of producing secretions | gland
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| secrete chemical substance into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of body (sweat glands) | exocrine glands
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| glands that produce hormones, do not have ducts | endocrine glands
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| inflammation of a gland | adenitis
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| malignant tumor that originates in the glandular tissue | adenocarcinoma
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| benign tumor that arises in glandular tissue | adenoma
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| abnormal softening of a gland | adenomalacia
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| any disease condition of the gland | adenosis
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| abnormal hardening of a gland | adenosclerosis
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| surgical removal of a gland | adenectomy
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| independent part of the body that performs a specific functions | organs
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| study of the nature and cause of disease that involves changes in structure and function | pathology
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| study of the causes of diseases | etiology
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| any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated objects | communicable disease
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| situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface | indirect contact transmission
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| spread of disease through contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood | blood borne transmission
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| occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by cough or sneeze | airborne transmission
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| spread of disease by insect or animal bite | vector borne transmission
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| specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population growth | epidemiologist
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| ongoing presence of a disease within a population group or area | endemic
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| sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area | epidemic
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| outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area | pandemic
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| produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified | functional disorder
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| unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment | iatrogenic illness
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| illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses | infectious diseases
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| disease acquired in a hospital setting | nosocomial infection
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| produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body | organic disorder
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| abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth | congenital disorder
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| results in an anomaly or malformation (absence of limb, extra toe) | developmental disorder
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| congenital absence of a normal opening or failure of structure to be tubular | atresia
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