Anatomy & Physiology
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| Why is it important for manual therapists to thoroughly understand the structures and functions of the muscular system? | Muscle pain and tension may be the most common reason people seek manual therapy treatments.
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| How does the muscular system help maintain body temperature? | Heat is generated as a byproduct of muscle contraction.
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| What is the function of a tendon? | Connect muscle to bone
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| Which muscle attachment is generally on the non-moving bone during motion? | Origin
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| A skeletal muscle fiber, or muscle cell is made up of smaller fibers called ______________. | Myofibrils
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| What change occurs in the muscles during concentric contraction? | the muscle shortens
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| What change occurs in a muscle during an eccentric contraction? | Tension increases and the muscle lengthens
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| What kind of contraction occurs in the hamstrings when you bend your knee to climb stairs? | Concentric
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| What method of energy production generates the highest amount of ATP? | Aerobic cellular metabolism
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| What is the KREBS cycle? | An aerobic metabolic process in which ATP is produced by converting pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water
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| After a bout of extended exercise, the breathing rate remains elevated for the amount of time it takes to metabolize lactic acid, which is called: | Repaying the oxygen debt
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| The physiologic processes that occur as the oxygen debt is paid back include: | metabolizing lactic acid and replenishing energy supplies.
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| A wheelbarrow and standing heel-raise exercises are examples of which class of lever? | Second
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| What are the major divisions of the nervous system? | Central and peripheral
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| Which of these structures is a primary component of the central nervous system? | Spinal cord
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| Which glial cell produces myelin in the central nervous system? | Oligodendrocytes
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| What is the term for the small gaps between Schwann cells in the myelin sheath of axons? | Nodes of Ranvier
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| Which of these cranial nerves is a sensory-only nerve? | Olfactory
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| What number is the facial nerve? | VII
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| Which cranial nerve innervates the abdominal viscera? | Vagus
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| The olfactory and gustatory receptors are both examples of what type of receptor? | Chemoreceptor
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| What kind of stimulus are nociceptors sensitive to? | Tissue damage
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| What is the name of the connective tissue covering around the brain and spinal cord? | Meninges
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| What is the name of the middle layer of meninges? | Arachnoid mater
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| What is the name of the specialized capillaries that produce cerebrospinal fluid? | Choroid plexus
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| What region of the brain contains the thalamus and hypothalmus? | Diencephalon
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| What is the function of the medulla oblongata? | Serves as the center for respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor reflexes.
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| Which lobe of the cerebral cortex contains the primary motor and speech control centers? | Frontal
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| What is the name of the thin epithelial tissue layer of the heart wall that is the inner surface of each chamber? | Endocardium
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| What is the other anatomic name for the mitral valve? | Bicuspid
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| Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the inferior vena cava? | Right atrium
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| Which of these valves is a semilunar valve? | Aortic
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| What chamber of the heart pumps blood into the aorta? | Left ventricle
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| Which portion of the cardiac conduction system serves as the pacemaker? | Sinoatrial valve
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| What are the two divisions of the cardiovascular system? | Pulmonary and systemic
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| What major blood vessel completes the pulmonary division of circulation by returning oxygenated blood to the heart? | Pulmonary vein
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| The primary influences over venous flow are the one-way valves and _______________________. | skeletal muscle contractions
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| Which of these changes would cause blood pressure to increase? | Vasoconstriction
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| What is the "normal' blood pressure reading for an average-sized adult? | 120 over 80
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| Which external signs are the best indicators that tissue repair has passed into the subacute phase? | No heat or redness is observed or palpated
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| What is the other phase for the subacute phase of tissue healing? | Proliferative phase
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| The cardiovascular system contributes to tissue healing in two ways; transportation of repair materials and removal of cellular debris, plus: | the clotting process
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| What portion of plasma consists of dissolved or suspended particles and elements like hormones, electrolytes, and plasma proteins? | 10%
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| What is the most abundant type of plasma protein? | Albumins
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| Which group of plasma proteins includes antibodies, complements, and clotting factors? | Globulins
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| Which group of plasma proteins functions as carrier proteins for steroid hormones and contributes the most to osmotic pressure of blood to maintain blood volume? | Albumins
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| What is the anatomic name for red blood cells? | Erythrocyte
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| What is the function of the leukocytes? | Immune response
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| Which of these formed elements is an example of an agranular leukocyte? | Lymphocyte
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| Which category of formed elements is the most abundant type of cell in the blood? | Erythrocyte
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| Why is the muscular layer in arteries thicker than that in veins? | It makes them more resilient and creates a recoil that is important for arterial flow.
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| Nutrient and waste exchanges occur in what type of blood vessel? | Capillary
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| What is the name for the small blood vessels that carry blood out of a capillary bed? | Venules
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| Which of the following is NOT a function of the cardiovascular system? | Controls fluid volumes and cellular sensitivity to stimulus
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| What is the most abundant type of plasma protein? | Albumins
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| Which group of plasma proteins includes antibodies, complements, and clotting factors? | Globulins
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| Which group of plasma proteins functions as carrier proteins for steroid hormones and contributes the most to osmotic pressure of blood to maintain blood volume? | Albumins
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| What is the function of the leukocytes? | Immune response
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| What is the name of the protein that gives red blood cells their capacity to carry blood gases? | Hemoglobin
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| Which category of formed elements is the most abundant type of cell in blood? | Erythrocyte
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| What is the final step in blood clot formation? | Coagulation
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| What local tissue changes occur when histamine is released by mast cells, basophils and platelets in the area of tissue trauma? | Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
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| One hundred percent of fluid filtered out of cardiovascular capillaries is returned to circulation via: | the lymphatic system
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| Why is it important for all manual therapists to fully understand the lymphatic system's fluid return process? | We need to be able to recognize different forms of edema and know the indications and contraindications for manual therapy.
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| Similar to plasma, lymph fluid is mostly made of of what two substances? | Water and electolytes
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| Which type of lymphatic vessel is the largest? | lymphatic ducts
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| Which of the following is the best description of lymph flow? | Movement of fluid inside the lymph vessel network and return of lymph to the blood
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| Interstitial fluid must flow through pre-lymphatic channels before entering the initial vessels of the lymphatic network in which of these tissues? | Epidermis and endomysium
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| How do lymphatic manual therapy techniques stimulate the siphon effect to enhance lymphatic flow? | Use deep breathing to empty the cisterna chyli and light stroking at the neck to facilitate flow at the terminus
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| What is the catchment for lymph for the anterior leg and both anterior and posterior thigh? | Inguinal
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| The cells, tissues, and organs of which two body systems carry out most of the immune responses in the body? | Circulatory and lymphatic
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| Examples of secondary lymphoid tissues and organs include lymph nodes and spleen, plus: | Peyer's patches and tonsils
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| What type of T lymphocyte directly destroys the antigen? | Cytotoxic T cells
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| Which of these is an example of artificially acquired active immunity? | Vaccinations
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| Transmission of antibodies from mother to child is an example of what type of immunity? | Naturally acquired passive
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