Terms for Nuclear and Cell Division for NW 04-350
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| show | the combination of DNA and protein. microscopists first used this term to describe the disorganized material in the nucleus before prophase, where individual chromosomes were not visible
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| show | the process of cell division after DNA replication in a prokaryotic cell
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| show | in diploid organisms, chromosomes exist in pairs that carry the same genes, but not necessarily the same alleles
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| show | a version of a gene, mutations create different alleles which may code for different versions (functional or not) proteins
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| show | a cell carrying two copies of each chromosomal set, carrying two members of a homologous pair
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| show | a cell carrying additional copies of all homologous sets beyond two, triploid, tetraploid, pentraploid, hexaploid etc.
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| monoploid | show 🗑
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| haploid | show 🗑
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| show | region on the chromosome where a consensus sequence is found that binds with proteins that allow two sister chromatids formed after replication to remain connected. the spindle fibers also attach here
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| kinetochore | show 🗑
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| cell cycle | show 🗑
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| interphase | show 🗑
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| M phase | show 🗑
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| show | events of prophase through telophase that begin with a cell with one nucleus and concludes with two nuclei at the end
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| cytokinesis | show 🗑
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| show | gap 1 or growth 1. substage of interphase where the cell grows, organelles accumulate, and metabolism of the cell occurs
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| show | gap 2 or growth 2. substage of interphase when all the events of G1 take place but specific proteins needed for nuclear and cell division are synthesized
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| show | the two halves of a replicated chromosome, still connected at the centromere. not the same thing as a homologous pair. sister chromatids are pulled apart from each other in anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis
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| show | first stage of nuclear division, typified by compaction of DNA, breakdown of the nuclear envelope, migration of the centrosomes and formation of the spindle
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| condensins | show 🗑
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| show | cytoskeletal structure made of microtubules (tubulin) that organizes the chromosomes during nuclear division and serves as the highway over which they move
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| show | protein structure around which the spindle will anchor itself. there will be one centrosome at each end (pole) of the cell. many centrosomes contain a centriole (not as common in plants)
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| prometaphase | show 🗑
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| show | substage of nuclear division when replicated chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell on the metaphase plate
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| show | substage of nuclear division when genetic material is moving in opposite directions using the spindle as a highway. may be separation of sister chromatids, or homologous chromosomes depending upon if it is mitosis or anaphase I and II of meiosis
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| show | substage of nuclear division where new nuclear envelopes form and the chromosomes begin to relax due to release of condensins
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| meiosis I | show 🗑
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| show | second cycle of nuclear division (pro thru telo) leading to the second meiotic division (cytokinesis
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| show | event unique to prophase I when homologous replicated chromosomes merge together into a single structure. this is when recombination (crossing over) will occur
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| show | a structure formed due to the synapsis of two replicated chromosomes, composed of four total chromatids
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| show | rest stage between the first meiotic division and the beginning of prophase II. DNA replication does not occur during interkinesis
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| show | the process of separating genetic material into new nuclei. occurs during anaphase
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| genetic variation | show 🗑
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